2008年成考升专本英语中一致关系复习指导

Lesson fourteen ：英语中的一致关系及
省略和倒装的用法

第一部分：语法讲解

所谓一致关系就是在英语句子中各个成分之间必须在人称、性、数等方面保持一定的语法关系。一致关系必须遵循三个原则：即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
语法一致：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词为复数形式。
如：The number of mistakes was surprising.错误的数量很惊人。
   Jane and Mary look healthy and strong.简和玛丽看起来很健康也很强壮。
意义一致：主语形式虽为单数，意义为复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。
如：My family are having super now.我们一家人正在吃晚饭。
          主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，谓语动词要用单数形式。
如：Thirty dollars is too expensive for the dictionary.这本词典30美元太贵了。
就近一致：谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
如：Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且学生也喜欢踢足球。
一致关系包括：主语和谓语的一致、名词和代词的一致、主语与状语逻辑主语的一致和同等成分的一致等。

一、主语和谓语的一致
1． 名词作主语
1）集合名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中的个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：The audience was enormous.观众人数很多。
The audience were enjoying every minute of it.观众们正津津有味地欣赏着它。
常见的这部分词有：family, group, staff, army, board, class, committee, crew, government等
2）有些集合名词，如：cattle, folk, people, police, youth等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。
如：The police are looking for the lost child.警察在寻找失踪的孩子。
3）单、复数同形的名词作主语，应根据意义来决定谓语形式。
如：There are five sheep on the farm.农场里有五只绵羊。
4）若复数是书名、片名、剧名、格言、报名、国名等形式，其谓语动词常用单数形式。
如：Great expectations was written by Dickens in 1860.《远大前程》是狄更斯于1860年写的。
5）名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般指商店、工厂等，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如：The doctor’s is near the school.大夫的诊所在学校附近。
6）只有复数形式的名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词有：shoes, trousers, pants, gloves, glasses等。但如果主语由a pair of, a kind of, a series of 等修饰时，谓语用单数。
如：A pair of shoes was in the box.鞋在盒子里。
7）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。
如：Three years has passed.三年过去了。
Four hundred miles is a long distance.四百英里是一段长距离。
8）不定代词each, every, no, either, neither 等修饰的名词，即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如：Every man has his faults.每个人都有缺点。
   No clothes and no food is difficult to live.没有衣食很难生存。
9）如果主语有more than one…或many a 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如：More than one student has seen the film.不止一个学生看过那部电影。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.许多船只在那次暴风雪当中遭到破坏。
但是在“more than +复数名词”或“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词用复数。
如：More than 30 students have seen the film.有30多个学生看过这部电影。
More members than one are against your plan.超过一个以上的成员反对你的计划。
10）both, many, a few, few, several等限定词修饰主语时，谓语要用复数形式。
如：Both these films are boring.这两部电影都没有意思。
11）主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数与其后的主语一致。
如：Between the two windows hangs a picture.在两个窗户间挂着一幅画。
12）“the+形容词”结构充当主语时，如表示一类可数的人或事物，用复数谓语；如表示一类不可数的事物或少数过去分词与定冠词连用指个别人，则用单数。
如：The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.富人赞成这个计划，而穷人反对这个计划。
The departed was a well-known engineer.死者是一位非常著名的工程师。

2． 代词作主语
1)all, most, none, some等代词作主语，要遵循意义一致的原则，即：其谓语动词的单、复数形式要根据他们所替代的词的含义来确定。
如：All of my classmates work hard.我们班所有同学都很用功。
All of the water is gone.所有的水都用光了。
2）由代词each, every one, no one, either, neither，以及复合不定代词anything, something等作主语，谓语都用单数。
如：Each of the twenty guests was given a present.给20位客人每人赠送一份礼物。
Someone wants to see you.有人要见你。
3）表示数量的不定代词much, little作主语，谓语动词使用单数；而many, few作主语，谓语动词用复数。
如：Much of our food comes from plants.我们的许多食物来自植物。
Only the few are likely to enjoy this music.只有那少数几个人可能喜欢这音乐。

3． 有连接词连接的名词或代词作主语
1）用both…and或and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数
如：Both the secretary and manager have agreed to be present.书记和经理都同意出席。
注：但是，由and连接的并列主语如果指的是一个人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语用单数。这时后面的可数名词没有冠词。
如：The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了。
2）当名词或代词后面是with, as well as, along with, together with, but, except, in addition to, rather than等连词作主语，谓语动词一般和前一名词或代词的人称和数一致。
如：Dr. Green, together with his wife and two sons, has just left and will return at four o’clock.格林博士及其夫人和两个儿子一起刚刚离开，将于4点回来。
3）由or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词要符合就近一致的原则，即要与邻近的主语一致。
如: Either the principal or his assistants are to attend the meeting. 要么校长要么他的助手们得去参加会议。

4． 数词、量词作主语
1）分数或百分数+of+名词构成短语作主语，谓语形式是用单数还是复数取决于他们表示的意义。
用法类似的结构还有half of, a lot of, plenty of, a large quantity of, the rest of等
如：Half of the students have read the novel.一半学生读过这本小说。
Half of the food is unfit to eat. 一半的事物不能吃了。
There is plenty of wine in the bottle.瓶里还有不少的酒。
There are plenty of books on the shelf.书架中有很多书。
2）the number of+可数名词， the amount of+不可数名词， the quantity of+可数名词或不可数名词的短语作主语，谓语用单数。
如：The number of the pages in this book is 500.这本书的页码是500页。
    The quantity of books in the library is amazing.图书馆书的数量是令人惊讶的。

二、名词与代词的一致关系

代词与其所代替或修饰的名词（或代词）在人称或性别上必须保持一致。
如：Each of the students was required to translate the poem by himself. 要求每个学生能够独立把这首诗翻译出来。
   Every doctor must know both medical theory and techniques so that he can apply them in helping his patients.每一位医生必须既懂得医学理论，又懂得医学技术，这样才能将它们用于帮助自己的病人。
注：1）在英语中，国家、船只等事物的名词一般被看为阴性的，所以常用she, her来代替。
如：France has decided to increase her trade with China.法国决定增加其对华贸易。
2）合成代词anyone, somebody等的性别一般用they, their 指代。
如：Nobody remembered to sign their names.没人记着去签名。
3）不定代词one在句中重复使用，可以用his, he代替。
如：One must love his motherland.一个人必须热爱他的祖国。

三、主语与状语逻辑主语的一致

表示时间、条件以及伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，否则就会意义含混不清。
如：误：Having been delayed by heavy traffic, it was impossible for her to arrive on time.
正：Having been delayed by heavy traffic，she found it impossible for her to arrive on time.
由于交通阻塞的耽搁，她觉得不可能按时到达了。

  
四、同等成分的一致
1．句子的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致
如：误：Sleep, rest and relaxed are the best remedies for many headaches.
   正：Sleep, rest and relaxation are the best remedies for many headaches.
   睡眠、休息和娱乐是治疗多种头疼的最好办法。
2．在比较结构中，被比较的事物应该是同等成分。
如：误：The climate of Beijing is not so pleasant as Dalian.
正：The climate of Beijing is not so pleasant as that of Dalian.
北京的气候不如大连的好。

二．省略

为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不起误解的情况下，将一个句子中一个或多个成分省去，这样的句子叫做省略句。
1．省略主语
通常用在祈使句或口语中的固定表述中。
如：Have a good time.愿你过得愉快！
Hurry up!快一点。
2．省掉行为动词或系动词
如：Sophia is brighter than her brother.苏菲亚比她弟弟聪明。（brother后面省略了is）
Some of us study French, others German.我们有的学法语，有的学德语。（others后面省略了study）
3. 省略表语
如：Are you ready?
Yes, I am.(am后面省略了ready)
4．同时省略句子几个部分
如：She likes reading better than going to parties.她爱读书而不爱去参加聚会。（than后面省略了she likes）
Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?
Never.(=I have never been there)
You are a college student, aren’t you? ( =aren’t you a college student?)
Has she gone or not? (=Has she gone or has she not gone?)
注：在以if, when, where, though, as, as if等连词引导的从句中，如果从句中的动词是be, 可以将主语和动词be省掉。
如：Fill in the blanks with the given words. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的词填空，必要的地方可以改变其形式。（where之后省略it is）
He looks as if drunk.他看起来好像是喝醉了酒似的。（=as if he were drunk）
5.省掉不定式
1)省略了不定式后面的动词
如：Would you like to go shopping?
Yes, I’d love to.(to 后面省略了go shopping)
2）省略了不定式符号to
两个或两个以上的动词不定式在一起，第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可以省去to
如：Her work is to look after the child and (to) cook.她的任务就是看孩子和做饭。
但是如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可以省去to.
如：To go home or to stay at school during the summer vacation is not decided.暑假回家还是呆在学校还没有决定。

三、倒装的用法

英语中的句子语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。这种语序是正常语序。但是出于语法或达到某种修辞目的的需要， 要把谓语动词放在主语前面，这种语序叫做倒装语序。如果把谓语动词完全移至主语之前，成为完全倒装；如果把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，成为部分倒装。
如：Out rushed the boy.那男孩冲了出去。（完全倒装）
Never before have I heard such a thing.我以前从未听说这样的事情。（部分倒装）

1．语法倒装
1）在问句中。
如：Are you free Saturday evening? 你周六晚上有空吗？
注：若特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语，则仍采用正常语序。
如：Who is on duty today ? 今天谁值日？
2）在there be或there + appear to be, come, exist, happen to be, occur, seem, used to be等结构中。
如：There happens to be nobody in the room.碰巧房间里没人。
There occurred an unusual thing at that moment.那时发生了一件不平常的事情。
3）在以here, there, now, then等简短副词开头的句子中，动词是come, go, be等时，需要倒装。
如：Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
    There goes the bell.铃响了。
但是如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。
如：Here they are.他们在这儿。
4）虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，这时were, had, should须移至主语之前。
如：Had you worked harder at college, you would have got a better job.如果当初你在大学读书的时候用功些，现在就会找个好点的工作。
Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position.要是他的条件好些，他就申请这个职位。
5）在用so, nor, neither表示“也/也不……”这一类结构里，语序是：
肯定：so+ 助动词/情态动词+主语
否定：neither(nor)+ 助动词/情态动词+主语
如：He has been to Beijing.
So have I . 他去过北京。我也去过。
They can’t answer the question.
Neither can I . 他们不会回答这个问题。我也不会。
注：so如果用于只是对前面的话表示确认，不表示前句的内容也适用于另外一个人或物，此时不用倒装。
如：It was cold yesterday.
So it was.昨天很冷。 是的，确实很冷。
6）在“the more…the more…”结构中，宾语、表语或者状语提前。
如：The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.书读得越多，知识就越渊博。
（宾语提前）         （表语提前）
The harder you work,  the greater progress you will make.你越努力学习，取得的进步就越大。
   （状语提前）      （宾语提前）
2．修辞倒装
1）当only位于句首修饰状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句），表示强调时，要用倒装。
如：Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。
    Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.直到他告诉了我，我才意识到他遇到了麻烦。
但是如果only位于句首，修饰的不是状语而是主语，则不用倒装。
如：Only you know this.只有你知道这件事。
2）具有否定意义的副词或词组，用于句首，要用倒装。常见的这部分词或词组有：never, seldom, hardly, little, not until，by no means, under no circumstances等。另外还有否定意义的关联词：not only…but also, neither…nor, no sooner…than, hardly…when,位于句首，也要倒装。
如：Never shall I forget the days when you were with us.我将永远不会忘记你和我们相处的那些日子。
   Not until then did he realize his own fault.知道那时他才意识到自己的过错。
   Under no circumstances should you lent him any money.你无论如何都不该把钱借给他。
   No sooner had we reached home than it began pouring.我们刚到家就下起了倾盆大雨。
3）在表示动作的简短的句子里，为了表达生动，有时把副词放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。这类副词有away, down, in , out, up等
如：Away went the runners.赛跑手们刷地跑开了。
Down came the rain.雨哗地落下来了。
注：在此结构中，如果主语是人称代词，则用正常语序。
如：Out he rushed.他冲了出去。
4）由as, however引导的让步状语从句，将作表语、状语或谓语的一部分形容词、名词、副词或动词前置，表示强烈的对照。
如：Tired as he was, he continued the work.虽然他累了，但是仍然继续工作。
Try as he might, he could not fulfill the task alone.不管他如何努力，他还是无法独自完成任务。
However busy we are, we should have some time for rest.不论我们多么忙，我们总应该有休息的时间。
注：as引导让步状语从句，如果谓语是系表结构的，且名词、最高级作表语时，将表语提前，略去冠词。
如：Child as he is= Although he is a child.
   Youngest as he is = Although he is the youngest.
   从句中除了表语提前外，如果主语是名词，主语和谓语一般也要倒装；主语是代词，不用倒装。
如：Terrible as was the storm, we continued our way.尽管暴风雪很大，我们仍然继续前进。
Poor as he was, he was honest.他虽穷，但却诚实。
5）介词短语做地点状语，放在句首，后面跟的是不及物动词be, exist, stand, come, sit,lie等
时，要倒装。
如：Over the wall came a shower of stones.越过墙头丢来一阵石块。
At the corner stands a man selling newspaper.街角上站着一个卖报的男人。
6）在“so/such…that”结构中，如果so /such放在句首加强语气，需要倒装
如：So angry was he that he couldn’t speak.他如此愤怒，以致说不出话来。
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.那个爆炸的力量如此之大，以致所有的窗户都震破了。

第二部分 巩固练习

1．No one can walk the wire without a bit of fear unless_______ very young.
a. having been trained  b. trained   c. to be trained   d. being trained
选b. unless引导的条件从句省略了he is
2．Whatever the causes, English at the end of the 20th century is more widely spoken and written than any other language__________ so far.
a. ever was  b. had ever been  c. has ever been  d. would ever be
选c.than引导的比较状语从句中省略了spoken and written
3. A program computer begins to show on its screen the figures you need_______.
a. when switched on  b. switched on  c. to be switched on  d. being switched on
选a. when引导的时间状语从句省略了主语和主动词it is.
4. She never laughed,_______ lose her temper.
a. or she ever did  b. nor did she ever  c. or did she ever  d nor she ever did
选b. nor+助动词+主语倒装结构表示“也不”
5．_________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.
a. Had it not been  b. It were not  c. Weren’t it  d. Had not it been
选a. 虚拟句中省略if, 把had放在句首
6．Only under special circumstances__________ to take make-up tests.
a. are freshmen permitted  b. permitted are freshmen  c. freshmen are permitted  d. are permitted freshmen
选a. only在句首+介词短语， 主语和谓语倒装。

7．The singer and dancer_________ attend our evening.
a. is to  b. are to
选a. 由and连接的并列主语指的是一个人,谓语用单数
8． She as well as the other students _________ how to install this electric equipment.
a. has learned  b. are learning  c. have learned   d. are to learn
选a. 当名词或代词后面是as well as，谓语动词一般和前一名词或代词的人称和数一致。
9．How close parents are to their children_________ a strong influence on the character of the
children.
a. have   b. has    c. having   d. to have
选b. 从句作主语谓语动词用单数
10．The basketball team ________ baths now.
a. has   b. have   c. is having   d. are having
选d. 集合名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中的个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。
11．Statistics ____ one of the subjects that I study.
a. are   b. is    c. were   d. was
选b. 学科名词用单数作谓语。
12._________  dull.
a. This scissors are   b.These scissors is   c.This pair of scissors is   d.This pair of scissors are
选 c. scissors由a pair of, a kind of, a series of 等修饰时，谓语用单数。

第三部分：总结

本次课主要讲述了英语中一致关系的用法，需要大家重点掌握：主语和谓语的一致关系的各种原则。

本次课还主要讲述了省略和倒装的用法，需要大家重点掌握：
1. 在以if, when, where, though, as, as if等连词引导的从句中省略的用法
2.在用so, nor, neither表示“也/也不……”这一类结构里倒装的用法
3. 由as, however引导的让步状语从句, 将作表语、状语或谓语的一部分形容词、名词、副词或动词前置，表示强烈的对照。