2008年成考升专本虚拟语气用法复习指导

虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
如：I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.我希望今天早上能多睡一会，但是我得起来去上课。（表示愿望）

1． 虚拟语气的基本形式
1）动词原形，用于一切人称和数
如：God bless you.愿上帝保佑你。
2）动词过去式，用于一切人称和数，be的过去式是were。
如：If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这，一些都没有问题。
3)had+过去分词，用于一切人称和数。
如：If you had left a little earlier, you would have caught the train.如果你早点动身，你就能赶上火车了。
4）should +动词原形，用于一切人称和数。
如：They suggested that we should set off straightway.他们建议我们马上动身。
5）should+ have done，用于一切人称和数。
如：They should have come by this time.他们现在该到了。
6）should/would/could+动词原形
如：If I had time, I should/would/could come.如果我有时间，我一定来。（没有来）
7)should/would/could have done
如：If they hadn’t helped, you should/would/could have done nothing.要不是他们帮了你，你现在肯定一事无成。

2． 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法

与现在事实相反：
如：If I were you, I would apply for the job.如果我是你，我就会申请那份工作。
Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy it.即是我有钱，我也不会买它的。
与过去事实相反：
如：If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.如果当时听了你的话，我就不会犯这样的错误了。
   If it had not been for your help, I wouldn’t have finished the work so easily.要不是你的帮忙，我的工作不会这么容易完成。
与将来事实相反：
如：If it rained/were to rain/should rain tomorrow, I should stay at home.如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。
   If the teacher knew it, she would be angry.万一老师知道了这件事情，她会生气的。
注：在非真实条件句中，可以将谓语中的were, had, should放在主语之前，省略if.
如：If you were in my position, what would you do? 如果你处在我的位置，你会怎么做？
省略if: Were you in my position, what would you do?
If facts had been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them.假使早一个星期收集事实，我们就有更多的时间研究它们了。
省略if. Had facts been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them.
If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.万一明天下雨，会议就会延期。
省略if. Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.

3.条件从句和结果主句所表的时间不一致的情况
当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应该作相应的调整。
如：If you were in better health, we would have asked you to come.如果你身体好些，我们早就请你来了。
   If we had consulted him on the question yesterday, we should know what to do now.假使昨天我们向他请教了这个问题，现在就知道怎么办了。
条件从句中用if I were, 结果主句则可以用任何时间的虚拟形式。
如：If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去的。（were表示过去）
   If I were not busy, I would come. 假如我不忙，我就会去的。（were表示现在）

4．含蓄条件句的虚拟语气用法
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时候不表达出来，只是暗含在上下文中。
如：We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件otherwise）
Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。（暗含条件without your help）
But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件But for your help）
Given the opportunity, he might have become a famous singer.如果给他提供机会的话，他很可能已经成为著名歌唱家了。（暗含条件Given the opportunity）

5．省去结果主句的非真实条件句
非真实条件句如省去结果主句，则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引导。
如：If only I could see him once.我只要在见到他一次就好了。
   If only he were here.如果她在这就好了。
   If only I hadn’t done that .我要是没有做那件事就好了。

6．不用if引导的非真实条件从句
非真实条件从句除了用if引导外，还可以用when, unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case, on condition等词语来引导。
如：Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at work.除非我好了，否则我就不会去上班。
   He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.他小心弄那仪器，生怕把他弄坏了。
    Take some more money with you in case you should need it.多带点钱以备急用。
    He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow.如果明天车能还回来，他就可以把车借去。

7．虚拟语气用在主语从句中
在主语从句中，虚拟语气用should+动词原形，should可以省略的形式。这种主语从句由连词that引导。用在It is important(necessary, strange, impossible, imperative, essential) that…句型中。
如：It is essential that we should tell her the news.我们有必要告诉他这个消息。
It is important that we should make full use of our mineral resources.对我们来说，充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。
It is necessary that the work should be done.这工作必须立即完成。
It is strange that the result of the experiment should be unsatisfactory.奇怪的是试验结果竟然如此不能令人满意。

（二）其他从句中的虚拟
          

1． 在宾语从句中虚拟语气
虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，有三种情况：
1)wish后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气
用在动词wish 后面的宾语从句，常用虚拟语气表示愿望。
a)用过去式表示与现在事实相反：
如：I wish I knew his address.我要是知道他的地址就好了。
    I wish I were as strong as you.我希望像你一样健壮。
b)用过去完成式表示于过去事实相反：
如：He wishes he hadn’t been rude to his parents.他真希望他没有对父母无理
   I wish I had known it before.我真希望我预先知道这件事情。
c)用wish+主语+would表示对现在的情况表示遗憾。但是它所表示的动作是从句的主语所能够控制的。即：只要某人愿意，这种动作是可以改变的。wish+would可以表示从句主语现在愿意或者不愿意进行某个动作，这常常是一种习惯性动作。
如：I wish he would write more often.我多么希望他肯常写信来。相当于：
I’m sorry he isn’t willing to write more often.很遗憾，他不愿意常写信来。
I wish he would wear a coat.我多希望他肯穿外衣。相当于：
I am sorry he refused to wear a coat.可惜他不想穿外衣。
注：wish与would不能用同一个主语。否则句子就会不符合逻辑。所以不能出现
I wish I would这种结构。
d)用wish+主语+would也可以表示对目前的情况的不满以及希望能有所改变。
如：I wish he would answer my letter.但愿他能给我写信。（我等他的信已经很久了）
   I wish they would change the menu.我希望他们的饭菜能变变花样。（我吃香肠都吃腻了）
但是说话人通常对发生他所要求的变化不抱有太大希望。
注：wish与would不能用同一个主语。
e) I wish you would可以用来表示请求。这里不表示说话人已经感到对方会拒绝请求，但它暗示对方在某个方面使说话人感到恼火或失望。
如：I wish you would stop humming.表示说话人为哼歌曲的问题而恼火。

2）would rather, would sooner 等表示愿望的词，其后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气
如：I would rather you came tomorrow than today.我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。
   I could do it myself but I would sooner you did it.我自己也可以做，但我宁愿你去做。

3）在动词demand, order, propose, request, require, suggest, insist等后面的宾语从句，用should+动词原形来表示虚拟。
如：The expert proposed that TV should be turned off at least one hour every day.老师建议每天至少应该关掉电视一个小时。
He suggested that we should discuss the question at the next.他建议我们下次会上讨论这个问题。
She insisted that we should take up the matter at the meeting.她坚持要求我们在会上谈这个问题。

注：insist后的从句中，如果是坚持自己做某事，用陈述语气，坚持别人做什么事情，用虚拟语气。
如：She insists that she is right.她坚持自己是对的。
She insisted that I should finish the work at once.她坚持要我马上完成工作。
有些动词如：think, expect, believe，其否定句的宾语从句也可以用should+动词原形。
如：I never thought he should refuse.我万万没有想到他会拒绝。
I had never expected that things should turn out like this.我没有料到事情的结果会这样。

2．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气可以用在表语从句中。当句子中有suggestion, proposal, idea, order, recommendation, possibility等名词时，表语从句用虚拟语气。其形式为should+动词原形。
如：His suggestion was that everyone should have a map.他的建议是每人发一张地图。
    My idea is that the electronic device should be tested at once.我的意见是这一电子器件要立即试验。
2）虚拟语气可以用在同位语从句中。
如：They made the request that the problem should be discussed as soon as possible.他们要求尽快讨论这个问题。
He gave the order that the work should be started at once.他命令工作马上开始。

3．在定语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气还可以用在定语从句中。这种从句用在 “it is (high，about) time that…”句型中。虚拟语气的形式是过去式。
如：It is time we started.我们该出发了。
It is high time we left.我们该走了

4．虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
1）以连接词as if引导的状语从句。
如：You speak as if you had really been there.你说的好像你真的去过那里。
He spoke to me as if I were deaf.他跟我说话时就好像我是聋子似的。
2）以in order that , so that 引导的状语从句， 谓语动词多用may/ might+动词原形构成/
如：In order that people might understand his new invention, he made a practical demonstration of it.为了让别人了解他的新发明，他做了一次示范表演。
I live so that others may live better.我自己活着是为了让别人活的更好。
3) 由连接词whether, whatever,even if/though, so long as引导的状语从句，其谓语可以用虚拟语气，即谓语用动词原形。
如：Whether the figure be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.不管那些数字准确与否，都应该重新核对。
They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficulties may be.他们决心建造一座水库，不管有多少困难。

5．虚拟语气的其他使用情况
虚拟语气可以使用在口语中，使语气比较客气委婉。
1）陈述自己的想法
如：I should like to have a talk with you.我想和你谈一谈。
   I would like to join in your discussion.我想参加你们的讨论。
2）提出请求或邀请
如：Would you please come and help me? 你来帮帮我好吗？
3）提出建议或劝告
如：Wouldn’t it be better for us to do it ourselves.我们自己动手做不是更好吗？

6.虚拟语气用于某些“祝愿”、“诅咒”等用语中
如：May you be happy!祝你幸福！
Long live the people!人民万岁！
The devil take you.见鬼去吧！

第二部分 巩固练习

1．The house looked as if no one _______ in it.
a. lived   b.had lived   c. could live    d. lives
选b.虚拟语气用在as if引导的从句中。
2． The chairman suggested that the meeting ______ put off.
a. can be   b. be   c. is    d.will be
选b. suggest后面的宾语从句用 (should)+动词原形表示虚拟。
3．It is time we _________ do our homework.
a. begin to   b. can begin to   c.began to    d. will begin to
选c. It is time 后面的从句用过去式表示虚拟。
4．Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee_________ to investigate
the incident.
a.were set up  b. was set up   c. be set up.   d.set up
选c. proposal后面的同位语用should+动词原形表示虚拟
5．The manager would rather his daughter__________ in the same office.
a.had not worked  b.not to work  c.does not work   d.did not work
选d. would rather后面的宾语从句用虚拟。
6． Mike’s uncle insists _________ in this hotel.
a.that he not stay  b staying not   c.that he would not stay  d. not to stay
选a. insist 后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气should+动词原形
7．I didn’t think it advisable that Tim ________ to the job since he has no experience.
a.is assigned   b. will be assigned  c.be assigned   d. had been assigned
选c.主语从句用should+动词原形表示虚拟。
8．____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
a.Had they arrived  b. Would they arrive  c. Were they arriving   d.Were they to arrive
选d. were 放在条件从句的句首，可以省略if
9．It is politely requested by the management that radio ________ after 11 o’clock at night.
a.were not played   b. not play   c. not be played  d.did not play
选c. 宾语从句should+动词原形
10．We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ______________ him.
a.would have telephoned  b. would telephone  c.must have telephoned  d.had telephoned
选a.otherwise是隐含条件句
11．To be frank, I’d rather you ______ in the case.
a.will not be involved  b. not involved  c. not to be involved   d. were not involved
选d.would rather 后面的宾语从句用虚拟。
4． The house looked as if no one _______ in it.
a. lived   b.had lived   c. could live    d. lives
选b.虚拟语气用在as if引导的从句中。
5． The chairman suggested that the meeting ______ put off.
a. can be   b. be   c. is    d.will be
选b. suggest后面的宾语从句用 (should)+动词原形表示虚拟。
6．It is time we _________ do our homework.
a. begin to   b. can begin to   c.began to    d. will begin to
选c. It is time 后面的从句用过去式表示虚拟。
4．Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee_________ to investigate the incident.
a.were set up  b. was set up   c. be set up.   d.set up
选c. proposal后面的同位语用should+动词原形表示虚拟
5．The manager would rather his daughter__________ in the same office.
a.had not worked  b.not to work  c.does not work   d.did not work
选d. would rather后面的宾语从句用虚拟。
6．Mike’s uncle insists _________ in this hotel.
a.that he not stay  b staying not   c.that he would not stay  d. not to stay
选a. insist 后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气should+动词原形
7．I didn’t think it advisable that Tim ________ to the job since he has no experience.
a.is assigned   b. will be assigned  c.be assigned   d. had been assigned
选c.主语从句用should+动词原形表示虚拟。
8．____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
a.Had they arrived  b. Would they arrive  c. Were they arriving   d.Were they to arrive
选d. were 放在条件从句的句首，可以省略if
9．It is politely requested by the management that radio ________ after 11 o’clock at night.
a.were not played   b. not play   c. not be played  d.did not play
选c. 宾语从句should+动词原形
10．We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ______________ him.
b. would have telephoned  b. would telephone  c.must have telephoned  d.had telephoned
选a.otherwise是隐含条件句
11．To be frank, I’d rather you ______ in the case.
a.will not be involved  b. not involved  c. not to be involved   d. were not involved
选d.would rather 后面的宾语从句用虚拟。
12．I _______ try it again if I _________ you.
a. will; am    b. should; am    c. would; were   d. would; had been
选c.表示与现在事实相反的假设
13．If it ________ not for the water, the plants __________ live.
a. were; would not   b. is; could not   c. were; could    d. did; could not
选a.表示与现在事实相反的假设。
14If I ________ that chance to show my ability, I ____ the president of the school.
a. have not had; could not become  b. had not had; would not have become
c.did not have; could not become   d.doesn’t have; will not become
选b.表示与过去事实相反的假设。
15.He __________ by that burglar if you ________ to save him.
b. might have been killed; hadn’t come  b.will be killed; didn’t come
c.may be killed; didn’t come    d.could be killed;haven’t come
选a.表示与过去事实相反的假设。
16.If it _________ for your help, I __________ that hard time with so little money.
a.were not; would not spend   b.is not; can not spend  c.had not been; would not have spent
d. have not been;will not spend
选c.表示与过去事实相反的假设。
17.Where _________ go if war _________?
a.will; break out   b.do; will break out   c.would; were to break out  d.will; is to break out
选c.表示与将来事实相反的假设。
18.If your teacher ___________ this matter next week, she ________ blame you.
a. could know; will   b.knew; would   c.knew; will   d.knows; may
选b. 表示与将来事实相反的假设
19.．_________ he fail in this exam, he ________very sad.
a. If ; is    b. If ; will be   c. Should; will be   d. Should; would be
选d.省略了if.
20.. She wishes she _________ that humiliating thing.
a. doesn’t do   b. didn’t do   c. haven’t done   d. hadn’t done
选d.对过去事情的虚拟用过去完成时。
21.．If only I ________ that beautiful skirt to put on.
a.had    b. have    c. has  d. could have
选a.省去结果主句的非真实条件句。
22.. It is vital that he ________ immediately.
a. should go  b. must go   c. goes   d. went
选a.主语从句中的虚拟语气用should+动词原形

第三部分：总结

本次课主要讲述了虚拟语气的用法，需要大家重点掌握的有：
1.if 引导的非真实条件句
2．在宾语从句中虚拟语气,特别是wish后面的宾语从句的用法
3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
4．在定语从句中的虚拟语气，即It is time that…句型
5．虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法