2008年成考升专本英语定语从句复习指导

Lesson twelve：定语从句（一）

第一部分：语法讲解

在句中起定语作用，修饰某一个名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常在先行词之后，由关系词引导。关系词既起到联系主句和从句的作用，又代替先行词在从句中担任一定的语法成分。
如：I don’t like the people who are lazy.(people先行词，who关系词在从句中作主语)
关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有：
先行词指人：who, whom
先行词指物：which
先行词指人或物均可：that, whose
引导定语从句的关系副词有：
when, where, why

1. 先行词指人，用关系代词who,whom
who在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，但是who之前不可用介词
He’s a teacher.
He has lived here for two years.
现在我们把这两句话合成一句话：
He’s a teacher who has lived here for two years.( 关系词who在定语从句中充当语法成分，并且指代先行词的内容)
现在我们把下面这个句子拆开：
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.
The lady served me.
The lady is standing behind the counter.
如：The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter.那位钢琴弹得很好的小姑娘是他的女儿。（who 作从句主语）
    He is no longer the man who he used to be.他不再是以前那样的人了。（who在从句中作表语）
She’s the lady who I met yesterday.( who在从句中作动词met的宾语)
I like the people who I work with.我很喜欢和我一起工作的人。（who作介词with的宾语）
whom在定语从句中不能做主语，但可以作宾语。
如：I like the people with whom I work. （whom作介词的宾语）
Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting？苏教授在会上表扬的那个学生在哪里？（作动词宾语）
注：关系代词在介词后面，作介词宾语的时候，只能用whom指人。

2．表示人或物的所有关系，用whose
我们用whose表示所有关系，whose后面接名词，whose可以指人也可以指物。
如：
合并下列两句话：
He’s a writer.
His books sell good.
He’s a writer whose books sell good.(whose指的是the writer’s，源于名词所有格或者代词所有格即：物主代词的形式)
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.(指物，a meeting)
先行词是物体。定语从句表达“ 。。。的“也可以用the +n + of  which 的结构。如：上面这句话还可以说成：(知识的源头of所有格)
It was a meeting the importance of which I didn’t realize at the time.
2. 先行词指物，用关系代词which
同学们先把下面这两句话合并成一句话：
The book is interesting.
I bought it yesterday.
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.(关系词 which 就是指代的书，在定语从句中作bought 的宾语，所以原句中买的宾语it 要去掉)
我们来做拆句练习：
如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（which替代的物，作从句的主语）
The building is a supermarket.
The building stands near the train station.( which指代的内容还原)

The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out.我想买的那种计算机卖完了。（which替代的物，作从句的宾语）
She was fond of dancing, which her brother never was.她喜爱跳舞，她弟弟不喜爱.( which替代的物，作从句的表语)
注：当关系代词接跟介词，作介词宾语，只能用which指物。
如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住的房子。（which作介词in的宾语，不可以用that替换）

4．that可以指人，也可以指代物
that可以指人，也可以指代物,不能用在非限定性定语从句中，也不能用在介词后面。
如：The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。（that指代人，作从句的主语）
   Is this the photo that you took last summer? 这是你去年夏天照的相片吗？（that指代物，作从句的宾语）
在下面几种情况下，必须用that引导定语从句：
1） 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, anything等
如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
再如：2001年第33小题：
All that is needed is a continuous supply of fuel.
2） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词，形容词最高级
如：This is the best movie that I have ever seen.这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。
3） 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little等修饰时
如：I have read all the books that you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。
4） 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时

如：He is the only person that I want to talk to.他是我要谈话的那个人。
5） 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人或物
如：They are talking about persons and things that they remembered.
6)在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复
如：Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours? 从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的？
7）修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等，代替when.
如：It happened on the day that he was born. 这件事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
8)如果两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已经用了which,另外一个用that
如：The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.这个国家建立了一个生产以前未曾见过的东西的工厂。
9）主语以there be开头
如：There is a seat in the corner that is still free.在那个角落还有个座位空着。

5．在从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省去
关系代词who, that, which, whom若在定语从句中作宾语，我们往往可以省去关系代词
如：Tina likes the book (which/that) I gave her for her birthday. 蒂娜喜欢我作为生日礼物送给她的那本书。
I like the people (who) I work with.

6.关系副词的用法
1)关系副词when的用法
when引导限定性和非限定性定语从句，作定语从句中的时间状语。其先行词必须是表示时间的名词，如day, year, time等。when可以用on which来替换。
如：I will never forget the day when I met you.我将永远不会忘记我认识你那天。
I will never forget the day on which I met you.
注：先行词是表示时间的名词，若定语从句不是缺状语，而是缺少主语或宾语，要用which或that来引导定语从句。
如：The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm.那天开始的时候还是晴空万里，后来却下起了暴风雨。（which作主语）
I will never forget the time which we spent on campus.我将永远不会记我们在校园里共同度过的时光。（which作宾语）
I will never forget the time when we first met in the park.(when作时间状语)

2)关系副词where的用法
where 的先行词必须是地点名词，如place, house等，而且在定语从句中作地点状语。可以用介词+which替换。
如：This is the place where Jack parks his car.这是杰克存车的地方。
This is the place at which Jack parks his car.
注：与when类似，where在定语从句中作地点状语。先行词是表示地点的名词，若定语从句缺主语或宾语，要用which或that 引导定语从句，不用where.
如：This is the town which I told you about before.这就是我从前和你提起过的那个城镇。（which作宾语）
The library, which was built in the 1930s, needs to be renovated.那个建于20世纪30年代的图书馆需要重新修建了。（which作主语）
This is the town where I spent my childhood. （where作地点状语）

3）．关系副词why 的用法
why用来表示原因，只引导限制性定语从句。先行词是reason 等表示原因的名词。why=for which.
如：He didn’t know the reason why he was dismissed. 他不知道为什么被解雇。
看一下２００２年第４１题：
The reason why I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.

注：
a)关系副词when, where, why在非正式文体或口语中，都可以省略。
如：I will never forget the year （when） I graduated from college.我将永远不会忘记我大学毕业的那一年。
   There are several reasons （why） she left.有几种他离开的理由。
   This is the place (where) I lived five years.这是我住了五年的地方。
b)在口语和非正式场合中，when, where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”的结构可以用that 代替，并且可以省略。
如：Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?你知道在哪我能喝杯酒。
   The last time (that) I saw her was a fine morning in July.我见到她的最后一次是七月的一个阳光明媚的早晨。
   This is the reason (that) he was absent yesterday.这就是他昨天缺席的理由。
c) 虽然先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词，但是关系词在句中不是充当状语，而是充当主语、宾语等，就不能用when, where, 和why.也就是说选择关系词与主句中的语法地位无关，主要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任的成分，其次在看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。
比较下面的句子：
如：I still remember the days when I stayed in Beijing .(作时间状语)
  I have never forgotten the days which we spent together.(作宾语)

  He showed me the place where he lived . (作地点状语)
  This is the place which we visited last year. (作宾语)

  This is the reason why we must go earlier now . (作原因状语)
  The reason which you gave us was unacceptable . (作宾语)

第二部分 巩固练习

将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，用第二个句子作定语。
1． The student is from America. He sits next to me.
The student who sits next to me is from America.
3.I can’t remember the name of the person. I gave the money to him.
I can’t remember the name of the person to whom I gave money.
4.The teacher spoke to the boys. Their work was below standard.
The teacher spoke to the boys whose work was below standard.
5.The church was built in 1400. We were married in the church.
The church where we were married was built in 1400.
6.He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
He arrived in Shanghai on the day when I left.
7.April Fool’s Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone.
April Fool’s Day is the special day of the year when you should play a joke on someone.
8.The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
The city where I spent our vacation was beautiful.
9.The town is small. I grew up there.
The town where I grew up is small.

第三部分 总结

本次课主要讲述了定语从句的用法，需要大家重点掌握：
1．关系代词的用法
2．关系副词的用法