2008年成考升专本英语名词性从句复习指导

Lesson eleven：名词性从句

第一部分：语法讲解

名词从句是指在句子中起名词作用的各种从句。根据它们在句子中所起的作用不同，名词从句可以分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

1．  引导名词性从句的常用连词：

如：That the earth is round is a fact.
I don’t know if he needs my help.
I don’t know where he went.

2． 主语从句
1）主语从句在句中作主语。
如：Whether he will accept the invitation is not clear.他是否会接受邀请还不清楚。
When he left is unknown.他什么时候离开还不知道。
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。
2）主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此常把它移至句子末尾，而用it作形式上的主语。
如：It is strange that she did not come yesterday. 很奇怪，她昨天没有来。
It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
It is a pity that Mr.Brown can’t attend our English meeting.真可惜，布朗先生不能出席我们的英语晚会。
3）有些用“it”作形式主语的主语从句结构已形成固定的用法。
a) It is +名词+从句
如：It is a fact that…事实是……
    It is common knowledge that…  ……是常识
b) It is +形容词+that从句
如：It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is likely that…     有可能……
It is important that…  重要的是……
c) It is +过去分词+从句
如：It is said that…     据说……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It is well known that…   众所周知……
It is estimated that…     据估计……
d) It +不及物动词+从句
如：It seems that …    好像……
It happened that…  碰巧……
如：It is estimated that millions of galaxies exist in the vast space outside the Milk Way.据估计，在银河系之外的辽阔星空中存在着千百万个星系。

3． 表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句中的连系动词后面。结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句。常用的这类连系动词be, seem, remain, look等。
如：The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。
That is why she had a day-off yesterday.这就是她昨天请假的原因。
Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是如其表象。
It looked as if it is going to snow.看起来要下雪了。
It may be because he is too young.这可能是因为他太年轻了。

4．宾语从句：宾语从句可以作谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词和非限定动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词）和某些形容词的宾语。
1） 作动词的宾语
如：I know that he is friendly and hospitable.我知道他很友好而且好客。
I asked him if he is sure he knows what he is doing? 我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？
2） 作介词宾语
如： He was interested in whatever he saw here.他对在那里看到的无论什么都感兴趣。
I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.除你告诉我的情况以外，对此事我一无所知。
注：“介词+it+that”结构中，it 可以看成是that 从句的先行词。
如：You may depend on it that they will support you.你放心，他们会支持你的。
I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time.我将负责按时做好一切准备。

3） 作形容词的宾语
从句可作有些形容词的宾语。如：sure, certain, glad, sorry, happy, afraid, pleased, surprised等。
如：I am sure that she will come and join us.我相信她会来参加我们的活动。
I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time.我没有把握火车是否会准点到达。
He is pleased that he has passed a tough test.他很高兴他通过了很难的测试。
注：
a)在口语和非正式文体中，that 在引导宾语从句时，可以省去。
如：They say （that） he is much better.他们说他好多了。
I am afraid (that) he forgot about it.我恐怕他忘得一干二净了。
b)如果宾语从句后面有补语，要用形式宾语it来代替，而将从句放在补语后面去。
如：He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他说得很清楚这个会议将不推迟。
   We think it wrong that he didn’t help her.我们觉得他不帮助她是不对的。
c)如果主句的谓语是过去时，宾语从句的时态要调整成相应的时态。但是如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然现象，其谓语时态仍然用一般现在时。
如：He said that he would come again.他说他会再来。
He said that he had left his umbrella in the library.他说把伞忘在图书馆了。
The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
d)在believe, think, suppose, expect等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词移至主句谓语上，而将从句宾语变为肯定式。
如：I don’t suppose it is the rush hour yet.我看还没有到交通高峰期。
I am sorry, but I don’t think I know you.很抱歉，我想我并不认识你。
e)在hope, believe, imagine, suppose, think等及物动词以及I am afraid等表达的后面，可以用so代替一个宾语从句，该宾语从句通常是上文提到的一件事。
如：Do you think we will have good weather?你认为我们会有好天气吗？
    I hope so. 我希望如此。
其否定形式用上述动词的否定式（hope除外），或者用not代替so.
I don’t believe so.或I believe not.我想不是这样。
I hope not.我不希望这样。

5．同位语从句
1）同位语从句用于表示名词的内容，对其加以解释。能跟有同位语从句的往往是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词。
这些抽象名词有：belief (信念)，decision (决定)，fact（事实），idea(主意、想法)，news（消息，新闻）等。
如：We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。
   The fact that the contract was signed was important.签订了合同这件事本身就很重要。
   I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道他何时回来。
2）同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。
如：We have just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way.我们刚从广播里听到一则气象警报，说有一股台风即将到来。
   The story goes that they are divorced each other.传说他们离婚了。
3) 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句中，从句既说明抽象名词，又等同于抽象名词。如果是连词that引导的，that 不作从句的成分，一般不能省去。
定语从句中，从句修饰、限制先行词，由关系词替代先行词在句中充当成分，关系词作从句宾语时可以省去。
如：We are delighted at the news that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian.
听到暑假即将要在大连度过的消息，我们非常高兴。
(同位语从句， news= that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian。That在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用)
Neither of us showed any interest in the new that John told us yesterday.
对约翰昨天告诉我的消息我俩都不感兴趣。
(定语从句。That在从句中充当tell的宾语)
第二部分 巩固练习

把下列句子改写成it作主语的句子：
1． That the world is round is a fact.
It is a fact that the world is round.
2. That smoking can cause cancer is true.
  It is true that smoking can cause cancer.
3. That English is becoming an international language is true.
  It is true that English is becoming an international language.
将括号里的疑问句变成名词从句
4．_________ is unimportant to me.(Does she come?)
 Whether she comes is unimportant to me.
5.I don’t know______________.(How old is he?)
 I don’t know how old he is.
6.__________ was interesting.(What was he talking about?)
What he was talking about was interesting.
7.Please tell me__________.(Where do you live?)
 Please tell me where you live.
8.I wonder __________.(Why did dinosaurs become extinct?)
  I wonder why dinosaurs became extinct.
9.Do you know____________?(When are they coming?)
 Do you know when they are coming?
10. _________ is none of your business.(Where did she go?)
  Where she went is none of your business.

第三部分：总结

本次课主要讲述了名词性从句的用法，需要大家重点掌握：
1． It作形式主语的主语从句
2． believe, think, suppose, expect等动词在宾语从句中的否定前移问题
3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别