2018年3月成人英语三级备考综合卷及答案：阅读理解(1)

　　二、阅读理解(11-30)

　　When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.

　　A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favour, assuming he or she has a just claim.

　　Consumers shoud complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.

　　Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not work."

　　The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers‘rights.

　　11.When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ______.

　　A. complain personally to the manager

　　B. threaten to take the matter to court

　　C. write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase

　　D. show some written proof of the purchase to the store

　　答案：D

　　解析：答案D。本题答案在原文第一句中可以找到。它的大意是：当顾客发现他(她)所买的商品有毛病或在其他方面未达到制造商所声称的标准时，第一步就是将保单或其他有助于解决问题的记录这家商店看。所以D“向这家商店出示书面证明”，与原文相符，是正确答案。而A“当面向经理申诉”，是在第一步中问题得不到解决时才使用，所以它不是此题答案。B“威胁将此事向法庭上诉”是在经理未能解决问题，写信给厂家也未能解决问题时才使用的方法，所以它也不是解决问题的第一步。C“给商店写一封态度强硬的抱怨信”也是在第一步中问题得不到解决时才使用的。所以A.B.C均不是正确答案。

　　12.If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to _______.

　　A. a shop assistant

　　B. the store manager

　　C. the manufacturer

　　D. a public organization

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。此题源于第二段。作者认为许多消费者使用的简单而又常用的办法是直接向商店经理投诉。

　　13. The most effective complaint can be made by______.

　　A. showing the faulty item to the manufacturer

　　B. explaining exactly what is wrong with the item

　　C. saying firmly that the item is of poor quality

　　D. asking politely to change the item

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。原文第四段的大意是：当顾客申诉商品有质量问题时，态度要坚定、有礼貌，特别是如果消费者当场演示就能最有效地达到申诉目的。不能当场演示时也要提出比较具体的质量间题。A、C、D三项都是泛泛地说质量差、有毛病，而没能说出该商品哪一个具体的部位有毛病，所以都不是最有效的解决问题的办法。而B项“准确解释商品哪里有问题”与原文相符，是正确答案。

　　14. The phrase "live up to" (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.

　　A. meet the standard of

　　B. realize the purpose of

　　C. fulfil the demands of

　　D. keep the promise of

　　答案：A

　　解析：答案A。live up to所在句子的意思是：“当顾客发现他所购买的商品有毛病或在某种程度上没有达到制造商所声称的标准时，…”。B项“实现(制造商所声称的)目的”，句意不通;C项“满足(制造商所声称的)要求”;D项“履行(制造商所声称的)承诺”，C、D两项均与原文意思不符。而A项“达到(制造商所声称的)标准”正是原文 所表达的意思，所以是正确答案。

　　15. Tthe passage tells us _______.

　　A. how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item

　　B. how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item

　　C. how to avoid buying a faulty item

　　D. how to deal with complaints from customers

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。从全文看，作者向读者推荐了几种申诉伪劣商品的办法，可见作者是站在顾客的立场上的。而A、D两项是站在卖方的立场;C项在文章中未提到，所以它们都不是正确答案。B项“如何有效地申诉有质量问题的商品”与原文意思相符是此题答案。

　　Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet(煎锅)is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Stalwart lumber jacks and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000 calories per day or more will take approximately one third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflict those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The latter, however, dissolved within alimentary tract more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of the stomach by means of the fluoroscope(透视镜), that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with "authority". Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum(格言)has been accepted no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so far as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he possesses a powerful gastric apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach.

　　We don't need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably arose because an "oracle" suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.

　　16.This passage focuses on _______.

　　A. why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipment

　　B. the digestibility of fried foods

　　C. how the experts can mislead the public in the area of food Preparation

　　D. why fried food have long been frowned upon

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。本文讲述的是煎炸食物的可消化性，故B项是正确的。

　　17.Apparently much fried food is eaten because ______.

　　A. it is easily prepared

　　B. people engaged in active labor need the calories that fat supplies

　　C. it is healthful

　　D. it is easily digested

　　答案：A

　　解析：答案A。根据文章第二句中的关健词handiest作“最容易的”解，故A项是正确的。B项只是人们吃煎炸食物的一个现象，而不是原因。故B项是错误的。

　　18.The author strongly implies that the public should ________.

　　A. avoid fried foods if possible

　　B. prepare some foods by frying

　　C. fry foods intended for adults but not for children

　　D. prepare all foods by frying

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。根据全文，作者认为煎炸食物是能够很多地被消化，而且油能加快消化，只是油不能过多食用。故B项是正确的。

　　19.When the author says that an "oracle suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried itemon the menu" he is being______.

　　A. bitter

　　B. sarcastic

　　C. inventive

　　D. humorous

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。根据文章，作者肯定了自己的观点，选用oracle, authority等词，以讽刺的口吻批判了一些传统观点，故选择B项。

　　20.The selection was probably taken from _______.

　　A. a medical journey

　　B. a publication addressed to the general public

　　C. a speech at medical convention

　　D. an advertisement for cooking oil

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。文章中有科技术语，但医学专业术语并不是很多，并能为广大读者所接受，如shillet, sizzle等等，所以排除A项、C项，全文也不是食油广告，所以D项也是错误的。

　　In 1993, New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum(铝)cans and glass and plastic bottles. Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products, but because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it would be buried in landfills(垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there were too few uses for second-hand plastic.

　　Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled in the United States. The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc.

　　As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life-and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value. Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling, throwaways, actually depress prices for used materials.

　　Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling is already the least expensive waste management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to saving of more than $100 per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

　　21.What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beverage containers?

　　A. Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda bottles.

　　B. Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling.

　　C. A fee should be charge on used containers for recycling.

　　D. Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them.

　　答案：D

　　解析：答案D。文章开头指出，纽约政府下令饮料瓶要收押金。这句话其实可引申出两层意思：一方面，消费者需要为饮料瓶付款;另一方面，当他们送回饮料瓶时，他们可收回为饮料瓶所付的钱。D项表达了这两层意思，A、C两项文章未提到。B项不合题意。因此D项为正确答案。

　　22.The returned plastic bottles in New York used to _______.

　　A. end up somewhere underground

　　B. be turned into raw materials

　　C. have a second-life value

　　D. be separated from other rubbish

　　答案：A

　　解析：答案A。第一段指出，much of it would be buried in landfills，也就是说，许多塑料瓶被埋在垃圾填埋场，故A项正确。B项说“变成原材料”，第一段提到许多公司打算接受铝罐和玻璃瓶作为新产品的原材料，但不包括塑料，故B项不对。第一段最后一句指出二手塑料用途少，因此C项也不对。D项文章未提到。因此A项为正确答案。

　　23.The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is ________.

　　A. to sell them at a profitable price

　　B. how to turn them into useful things

　　C. how to reduce their recycling costs

　　D. to lower the prices for used materials

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。第三段第二句指出，废品将仍是废品，直到有人能够确定如何给它第二次生命，直到在第二次生命价值中考虑到经济安排。可见处理回收的塑料饮料瓶的关键在于找到它们重新利用的价值及方法。因此B项为正确答案。

　　24.Recycling has become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because ________.

　　A. local government find it easy to manage

　　B. recycling has great appeal for the jobless

　　C. recycling causes little pollution

　　D. other methods are more expensive

　　答案：D

　　解析：答案D。第四段第一句指出，填埋场地越来越少，填埋和烧毁垃圾的费用也在增加，因此政府看重回收。可见在处理垃圾时，政府首先想到回收是因为其他方式耗资太大。而且the East Coast这一例子也直接点明了回收利用是最便宜的垃圾处理方案。因此D项为正确答案。

　　25.It can be concluded from the passage that _______.

　　A. rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials

　　B. local governments in the U. S. can expect big profits from recycling

　　C. recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally

　　D. landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal

　　答案：C

　　解析：答案C。在最后一段中，作者从两方面论述了回收垃圾的好处，一是节约费用，二是有利于控制污染，保护环境。C项准确地表达了这两层含义。A、B两项文章未提到。D项说法错误，因为政府在处理垃圾时首先想到的是回收利用，可见是回收而不是垃圾坟埋场将得到广泛应用。

　　If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe(衣柜)packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability(耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

　　When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusion to be drawn are obvious.Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

　　26.Designers and big stores always make money______.

　　A. by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry

　　B. because they are capable of predicting new fashions

　　C. by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing

　　D. because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing

　　答案：C

　　解析：答案C。首段第二句说：因为妇女一想到穿着过时服装在公众场合下露面就浑身发抖，于是总是被时装设计师和大商场捉弄。本句的暗含意义是，妇女不愿穿过时服装，设计师和大商场也就利用她们的这一心理特点经常改换时装款式来赚大钱。C项内容与此相符。

　　27.To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _______.

　　A. a waste of money

　　B. a waste of time

　　C. an expression of taste

　　D. an expression of creativity

　　答案：B

　　解析：答案B。第二段第三句明确指出：Women…waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have.

　　28. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _______ of clothing.

　　A. cost

　　B. appearance

　　C. comfort

　　D. suitability

　　答案：C

　　解析：答案C。第三段第二句批评设计师们很少关心保暖、舒适和耐用这些极为重要的事情。依此逆推，如果服装师多注意一点“舒适”，作者自然会批评得少些，至少不会用第三段中的实例进行批评。

　　29. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

　　A. New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.

　　B. The constant changes in women‘s clothing reflect their strength of character

　　C. The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.

　　D. Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.

　　答案：A

　　解析：答案A。在解答第三十六题时我们已得出结论：设计师和大商场利用妇女不愿穿过时的衣服而赚钱，这就意味着服装新的时髦式设计出来是为了赚钱。

　　30. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious"(S1, Para. 4), the writer means that _______.

　　A. women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughted at

　　B. women are better able to put up with discomfort

　　C. men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers

　　D. men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

　　答案：D

　　解析：答案D。解答本题首先要知道将男女作了比较后得出了什么结论。这结论就是Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.结论的实质就是D项内容。

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