2020年MEM考试英语外刊阅读（十二）

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. The men discovered how cells can sense and adapt to the changes in oxygen availability and identified the components that regulate how genes respond to oxygen levels.

The work of the three men “identified the molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen. While the role of oxygen in the process of converting food into useful energy has long been understood, the assembly said, the way that cells adapt to changing oxygen levels remained unknown.

The discoveries — some of which date back to the mid 1990s — have proved fundamentally important for physiology and shed light on the previously unknown mechanics of how cells respond to changes in their environment. The work established a new basis for understanding cellular metabolism and physiological function, and enhanced understanding of the body’s metabolism, immune response and ability to adapt to exercise.

文本选自：The New York Times(纽约时报)

作者：Megan Specia and Michael Wolgelenter

原文标题：Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded to 3 for Work on Cells

参考翻译

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖联合授予了三位科学家——他们分别是威廉·凯林(美)、彼得·拉特克利夫(美)和格雷格·塞门扎(英)，以表彰他们在细胞是如何感知和适应氧气供给方面所做出的贡献。他们发现了细胞是如何感知和适应氧气供给的变化，确定了调控机体适应不同氧气水平的基因。

这三位科学家的研究成果“揭示了一种分子机制，可以调节基因的活性以应对不同的氧气环境(水平)”。评奖委员会表示，虽然氧气在食物转化为有用能量的过程中所起的作用(重要性)早已为人所知，但是细胞是如何适应氧气水平的变化仍然无人知晓。

这些发现——其中一些可追溯到上世纪90年代中期——已被证明是生理学至关重要的发现，并揭示了此前不为人知的关于细胞如何应对环境变化的机制。该研究成果为理解细胞代谢和生理功能奠定了新的基础，并增强了人类对机体代谢、免疫反应以及机体适应能力的认识。

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