1999年考研英语翻译真题解析

相关链接：历年考研英语翻译真题解析大汇总

1999年考研英语翻译真题解析

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully andthen translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must bewritten clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as thereare historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees historyas the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historiansdetermines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search theevidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequentlypartial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that itspractitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to anunending process .

(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through externalchallenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and morefrom internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history oncerevered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciencesseemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providingrewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social sciencemethodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy ofhistorical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer ,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologiesdesigned to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Methodology is a term that remainsinherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to theconcepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniquesappropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have beenaccused of "tunnel method , " frequently fall victim to the"technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural sciences , thetechnicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certainparts of its technical implementation.(75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history asonly the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social sciencehistorians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

精美译文：

(71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。

(72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。(73)在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。(74)所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。(75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

题目解析：

71) While there are almost as manydefinitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closelyconforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain thesignificant events of the past.

结构分析：

71) 让步状语从句While // there // are // almost 并列结构1 as many // definitions of history // 并列结构2as // there // are // historians, // 主句modern practice// most closely conforms to // one // (指代关系) 定语从句that// sees history as // the attempt // 多重定语to recreate / and 省略结构(to)explain // the 前置定语significant events / 介词短语作后置定语of the past.

词义推敲：

While 虽然，尽管

as many … as …和……一样多，多达……

modernpractice 现代实践

practice：a habitualor customary action or way of doing something 习惯习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式

most closelyconforms to 最符合于

conform：to correspondin form or character; be similar 一致在形式或特征上相符;相似

one：指代“definition”，译作“一个定义”。

attempt：an effort ora try 企图或努力

to recreate 再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史)

events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实

参考译文：

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代实践最符合其中一个定义，这个定义把历史学看来是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件.

得分重点

让步状语从句，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

72) Interest in historical methods hasarisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as anintellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historiansthemselves.

结构分析：

72) 主语Interest // 多重定语in historicalmethods // 谓语has arisen // 并列结构1less through // 多重定语external challenge / to thevalidity of / history / as an intellectual discipline // 并列结构2 and more from // 多重定语internal quarrels /among historians themselves (指代关系).

词义推敲：

Interest inhistorical methods (人们)对历史(研究)方法的关注(兴趣)

less through … and morefrom … “更少是通过……更多是来自……”没有“与其说是因为……不如说是因为……”好。

through 和from意思相同

external：外部的，客观的

challenge：a demand forexplanation or justification; a calling into question质疑要求解释或证明为正当;质疑

validity 真实性，正确性，效度

reliability信度

as an intellectualdiscipline作为一门学问/学科

intellectual：appealing toor engaging the intellect 知性的需用或使用智力的

discipline：a branch ofknowledge or teaching 学科;科目知识或教学的分支

internalquarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧

参考译文：

人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问/与其说是因为外部对于历史作为一门只是学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。

得分重点

并列结构，多重定语

73) During this transfer , traditionalhistorical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed tointerpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

结构分析：

73) 状语结构During // this transfer, // 主句traditionalhistorical methods // 被动结构were augmented // by 多重定语additional methodologies / designed to interpret / the new forms of/ evidence / 介词短语作后置定语in the historical study.

词义推敲：

this transfer：这个转变。

transfer：(instanceof) transferring or being transferred 转移，调动，转变

were augmented by：增加了

augment 充实，补充

additionalmethodologies 新方法

methodology：方法，方法论

designed to用来/旨在

the new forms ofevidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意译为在历史学研究中的新史料

in the historicalstudy 在研究历史时

参考译文：

在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

得分重点：被动结构

74 )There is no agreement whethermethodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or tothe research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historicalinquiry.

结构分析：

74 ) 主句There // is // no agreement // 状语从句whether // methodology // 并列结构1 refers to //多重定语the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / ingeneral // 并列结构2 or // 省略结构(refers)to // 多重定语the research techniques /appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry.

词义推敲：

there is noagreement 人们尚未达成一致意见

agreement 统一的意见，一致看法

whether... or ... 究竟是……还是……

refer to 指

the concepts /peculiar to / historical work / in genera多重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为: 一般的历史研究中的特有概念

the researchtechniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry：重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为:历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段

the researchtechniques 研究手段、手段

historical inquiry 历史探究

the variousbranches 各个领域

appropriate to 适用于，合适于

参考译文：

所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。

得分重点

并列结构，状语从句，省略结构，多重定语

75 ) It applies equally to traditionalhistorians who view history as only the external and internal criticism ofsources, and to social science historians who equate their activity withspecific techniques.

结构分析：

75) 主句It // applies equally 并列结构1 to// traditional historians // 定语从句who (指代关系) // view history as // only the external and intemal criticism of /sources, // 并列结构2 and 省略结构(applies)to // social science historians // 定语从句who// equate their 省略结构(research)activitywith // specific techniques.

词义推敲：

It指示代词，联系上下文可以看出是指“technicist fallacy”(这种谬论)。

apply to 适用于

traditionalhistorians 传统历史学家，历史传统派

view history as 把历史看作是

sources 源泉，引申为史料来源

social sciencehistorians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派

their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究

equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是

specific techniques具体方法

参考译文：

这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;(前者/历史传统派)认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，(后者/历史社科派)认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

得分重点

并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

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