2009年自学考试自考英语二复习资料(二)
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补充语法知识：名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。
一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.
4).It is John that broke the window.
必背
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
It is said that... 据说…… It is reported that... 据报导……
It is well known that... 众所周知…… It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is believed that... 人们相信…… It is thought that... 人们认为……
It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
It must be admitted that... 必须承认……
2.主语从句的语序
主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
3. 连接词的选用
(1)that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
(2)if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
(3)其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
二.宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
1. 宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：
She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 从句是一般现在时
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 从句是一般将来时
当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 从句是一般过去时
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 从句是过去将来时
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 从句是过去进行时
当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
2. 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)
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