2021年4月自考英语(一)复习资料8

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1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.

class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.

class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel (二等旅馆);

class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类;把…看作”，

make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，

用被动语态时则应用be made up of，

taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开

2.First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.

句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?)

请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。

that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等

2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源问题关系到我们每个人)

stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。

stock in trade意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，

4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.

since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，

at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子：

1)The people at large love peace (大多数人热爱和平)

2)The virus is still at large (这种病毒还在蔓延)

3)The murderer is still at large (杀人犯仍逍遥法外)

4)He talked at large about his plans (他详尽地谈了自己的计划)

5)They made the arrangements at large (他们随意地做了安排 )

5.请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.

1)He is in possession of this house (他拥有这所房子)

2)The house is in the possession of him

3)On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words.表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。

前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如：

1)A large number of students have passed the exam (许多学生已经通过了考试)

2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子)

6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home

occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要;机会”。

7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning

在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”

8.The terms “popular”and“learned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”

term 还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思，如：

During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.

(在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。)

apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：

1)This rule applies to upper class students only (这条规则只适用于高年级学生。)

2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的话对你不适用)

apply for 则是“申请”的意思

9.Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .

本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的;明智的”，如：

He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.

(做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。)

请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：

1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康)

2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它)

3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(宝宝在酣睡)

4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父亲给他一顿痛打)

10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people

not (that)…but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如：

1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .

(我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。)

2)By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.

(叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。)

due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：

1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失败是由于粗心。)

2)Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划)

rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…”

1) He is a writer than a teacher (与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。)

2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。)

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