2020考研英语语法大全:动词
相关推荐:2020考研英语语法大全汇总
2020考研英语语法大全:动词
动词
动词是表示动作或状态的词,根据其意义和作用,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。动词涉及的内容很多,本书仅就研究生考试中常涉及的动词时态、时态一致以及部分情态动词作深入讲解。
一、时态(Tense)
时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式,英语动词的时态有16种,但在研究生考试以及其他考试中常考的时态只有几种。不管何种时态,所包含的主要内容都是相同的,即时态的构成以及用法。本书着重讲解重要时态的用法。
(一)一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)
1. 表示客观真理或科学事实。
例句: The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than that of the earth;in consequence, the force of gravity at the moon?s surface is only one?sixth of that at the earth?s surface.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that is nearly...less than that of the earth修饰a mass;in consequence后是另一个并列句。
译文: 月球的质量差不多是地球质量的1/100,因此月球表面的引力只有地球表面引力的1/6。
例句: One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. By this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation. (2001年第8题)
分析: 该句由两个句子构成,前一个是简单句,后一个句子是复合句;that后是一宾语从句。
译文: 翻译中的一个难点在于找到一个相对应的概念。这就是说,在翻译过程中一种语言的概念会丢失或发生意义上的改变。
2. 表示现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的状态,常与always,often,usually, sometimes, once a week,seldom,never等时间状语连用。
例句: It?s usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
分析: 该句是复合句,从句that people seldom behave in a rational way是the case的同位语;when后省略了people are。
译文: 人们在暴怒时通常会丧失理智。
例句: Physicians frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (选自2003年Text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中主干部分为physicians too often offer aggressive treatment...。分词短语frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient作physicians的后置定语;从句what is scientifically justified作介词beyond 的宾语。
译文: 医生由于不能够治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,因而常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超过了科学所能认同的界限。
3. 表示按计划进行的将来动作,常用come,arrive,catch,fly,leave,go,start等词。
例句: When he comes, please inform him of all that I have just told you.
分析: 该句是复合句。该复合句中包含when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的定语从句。
译文: 他来时,请转告他我告诉你的一切。
4. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。
例句: He will come the moment he finishes his work.
分析: 该句中的the moment为连词,意为“一……就”,相当于as soon as。
译文:他一结束工作就会来。
例句: If it is fine tomorrow, we?ll go shopping.
译文: 如果明天天气好的话,我们将去逛商场。
5. 表示主语的能力、性格、个性等。
例句: As an industry, biotechnology stands to rival electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020. (2001年第25题)
分析: 该句是简单句,surpass前省略了不定式to。
译文: 作为一门产业,生物技术在营业额上可以与电子业相媲美,并且到了2020年还有可能在社会影响上超过它。
例句: The director treats his staff as equals.
译文: 主任对其下属一视同仁。
6. 表示格言或警句。
例句: A fence needs the support of three stakes; an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
译文: 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三个帮。
例句: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.
译文: 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
(二)现在完成时(Present Perfect Tense)
1. 已完成用法: 表示动作在过去某一不明确的时间已完成,强调对现在的影响,这一用法常不带时间状语或可与不明确的时间状语连用,如: already,yet,ever,just,never。
例句: I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. (2006年第48题)
分析: 该句是复合句。在because引导的原因状语从句中又加入了由while引导的让步状语从句。
译文: 我之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题,但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
例句:The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more .
(三)过去完成时(Past Perfect Tense)
1. 表示过去某时刻以前发生和完成的动作,即过去的过去,常用于主从复合句中。
例句: She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (2001年第4题)
分析: 该句是复合句。when引导的时间状语从句用的是过去完成时,所以主句只能用过去的时态;由于主句用的是一般过去时felt,那么其时间状语应用过去完成时,即 as后的完整形式应是as she had felt。
译文: 她举止谦逊、得体,就像他当初见到她时她所表现的那样: 金黄色的卷发,尖尖的红指甲。
例句: Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (选自2007年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句。he liberated是修饰the areas的定语,在从句前省略了作宾语的关系 代词which或that。
(四)一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+动词,表示单纯的将来含义。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23题)
分析: 该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。
译文: 有朝一日,软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译,而且能翻译得很好,以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自2006年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure是插入语,从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
译文: 希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店,你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等,而且价格非常昂贵。
2. be going to+动词,表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事,也可表示对未来的预测。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。
译文: 一般来说,只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突,那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自2005年Part C)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 显然,只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争 激烈的市场中生存。
3. be to+动词,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事,常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自2011年Text 4)
分析:该句是复合句。其中,在主句中,定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。
译文:如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功,他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,本句主干为his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定语从句which governs his activity修饰the moral code;其中not...any more than意为“不……也不……”。
译文: 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
4.be about to+动词,表示最近即将发生的动作,不接时间状语。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who is not about to pay compliments to...修饰a young man。
译文: 马林是个有独立思考能力的年轻人,他不会恭维他的政治领导人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中定语从句who was a school teacher修饰his brother。主干部分为His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
译文: 他的哥哥是一位老师,已身无分文,并患上了胃溃疡,他的一个孩子要接受一次大手术,他的爱人将要生一对双胞胎。
5. 位置移动动词,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+现在分词,表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,常跟较近将来时间状语连用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文: 春节就要到了,城里人都在忙着做各种各样的准备。
6. 动词come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般现在时表示将来,表示已经预先计划安排好的或肯定发生的动作,主语常为事物名词。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。arrive用一般现在时表示将来。
译文: 你到达伦敦时,我们将已经在欧洲待了两周了。
(五)现在进行时(Present Continuous Tense)
表示此刻正在进行或在目前限定时间内不断进行的动作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(选自2007年Text 4)
分析: 该句是并列句,冒号后的内容是对前面所提内容的进一步说明。
译文: 这一切很快就会改变: 很多提议的信息安全法规正在华盛顿逐一讨论。
例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (选自2011年Text 4)
分析:该句中,破折号前是一个复合句,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引号中的内容与其前cover story为同位语关系;破折号后的内容是对前面陈述内容的解释,
(六)一般过去时(Simple Past Tense)
1. 表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 2005等。
例句: It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (选自2002年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句。其中It was...that是强调句型;which引导的定语从句修饰the context;within是定语从句中live后的介词,即live within the context。
译文: 正是在这个计算机时代,“信息社会”一词被广泛用来形容我们所生活的环境。
例句: The Greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (2004年第61题)
分析: 该句是复合句。that后是一宾语从句,作assumed的宾语;which引导的定语从句修饰前面宾语从句中提到的内容,其中又套了一个由before引导的状语从句,宾语从句how .
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