2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语(二)及参考答案

Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark [ A] , [ B] , [ C] or [ D] on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to _____ (1) uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will _____ (2) to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will_____ (3).

In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to _____ (4) themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one _____ (5), each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would _____ (6) an electric shock when clicked.

Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. _____ (7) left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would _____ (8). Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, _____ (9) the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.

ic drives for _____ (11) or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can _____ (12) new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such _____ (13) can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do _____ (14) things is a profound one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to _____ (15), however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to _____ (16) how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to _____ (17) to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the _____ (18) of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine _____ (19) it is worth the endeavor. "Thinking about long-term _____ (20) is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity," Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.

1. A. resolve B. protect C. discuss D. ignore

2. A. refuse B. wait C. seek D. regret

3. A. rise B. last C. mislead D. hurt

4. A. alert B. tie C. expose D. treat

5. A. message B. trial C. review D. concept

6. A. remove B. weaken C. deliver D. interrupt

7. A. unless B. if C. though D. when

8. A. happen B. continue C. disappear D. change

9. A. rather than B. such as C. regardless of D. owing to

10. A. disagree B. forgive C. forget D. discover

11. A. pay B. marriage C. food D. schooling

12. A. begin with B. rest on C. learn from D. lead to

13. A. withdrawal B. inquiry C. persistence D. diligence

14. A. self-destructive B. self-reliant C. self- evident D. self-deceptive

15. A. resist B. define C. replace D. trace

16. A. predict B. overlook C. design D. conceal

17. A. remember B. choose C. promise D. pretend

18. A. relief B. plan C. outcome D. duty

19. A. whether B. why C. where D. how

20. A. limitations B. investments C. strategies D. consequences

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40points)

It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future. Mr Koziates is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a new Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical when did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain.

As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everyting lwthing is Necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with geaerations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.

But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of Vocational education have that Stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically he says.

On the hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution Manufactaring is not the economic engine that it once was.The job secuity that the us economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle we want more for our kids and rightfully so.

But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all---and the subtle devaluling of anything less--misses an important:That’s not the only thing the American www.tqmba.com economy needs res,a bachelor’s degree opens more doors.But even now 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle--skill jobs.Such as construction and high--skill manufactaring.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.

In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined.America is Vanishing one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working--class job,but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.

21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of

A. mechanical memorization

B. academic training

C. practical ability

D. pioneering sprit

22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who

A. are financially disadvantaged

B. are not academically successful

C. have a stereotyped mind

D. have no career motivation

23. We can infer from paragraph 5 that high school graduates

A. are entitled to more education privileges

B. are reluctant to work in manufacturing

C. used to have more job opportunities

D. used to have big financial concerns

24. The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all

A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs

B. may narrow the gap in working-class jobs

C. is expected to yield a better –trained workforce

D. indicates the overvaluing of higher education

25. The author’s attitude towark koziatek’s school can be described as

A. supportive

B. disappointed

C. tolerant

D. cautious

Text 2

While fossil fuels – coal, oil, gas- still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than then over that the future belongs to renewable sources. Such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.

Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted，businesses to found cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and cost of wind turbines by close to one – third in the past eight years.

In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example ,wind tarbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe. The united states is also seeing a remarkable shift in March. For the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated. In the us reported the us. Energy information Administration.

President Trump has underlined fossil fuels- especially coal- as the path to economic growth. In a recent Speech in. Iowa he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source .but that message did not play well with many in lowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation- and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.

The question“ what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put- down, for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.

The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery- powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.

While there’s a long way to go the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up- perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change what Washington does- or doesn’t do- to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought

26. The word “plummeting” (line 3, para2) is closest in meaning to

A. changing

B. stabilizing

C. rising

D. falling

27. According to paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America

A. has proved to be impractical

B. is as extensive as Europe

C. faces many challenges

D. is progressing notably

28. It can be learned that in lowa

A. wind energy has replaced fossil fuels

B. wind is a widely used energy source

C. Tech giants are investing in clean energy

D. There is a shortage of clean energy supply

29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to paragraphs 5&6 ?

A. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality

B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing

C. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult

D. Its application has boosted battery storage

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy

A. will bring the us closer to other counties

B. will accelerate global environmental change

C. is not really encouraged by the government

D. is not competitive enough with regard to its cost

Text 3

The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing-Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users' friendships and social lives.

Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.

Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don't pay for them. The users of their services are no their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them-and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.

The product they're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.

31. According to the paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its______.

A. digital products

B. quality service

C. physical assets

D. user information

32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may_____.

A. worsen political dispute

B. mess up customer records

C. pose a risk to Facebook users

D. mislead the European commission

33. According to the author, competition law_____.

A. should serve the new market powers

B. may worsen the economic imbalance

C. should not provide just one legal solution

D. cannot keep pace with the changing market

34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because_____.

A. they are not defined as customers

B. they are not financially reliable

C. the services are generally digital

D. the services are paid for by advertisers

35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate_____.

A. a win-win business model between digital giants

B. a typical competition pattern among digital giants

C. the benefits provided for digital giants' customers

D. the relationship between digital giants and their users

Text 4

To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “deep work”-the ability to focus without distraction.

There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work-be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.

Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.”At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting, ”he writes. Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day-in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford ,author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to Set out monthly goals com and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more details, day by day.

While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it come to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.

In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy. Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body… [ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.

Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychological at Harvard Medical School, believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productive may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.

“What people don’t realize is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuit in their brain,” say Pillay

36.The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ______.

A. list your immediate work

B. make specific daily plans

C. keep to your focus time.

D. seize every minute to work.

37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that _____.

A. daily schedules are indispensable to studying

B. students are hardly motivated by monthly goal.

C. detailed plan may not be as fruitful as expected.

D. distractions may actually increase efficiency.

38. According to Newport, idleness is _______.

A. an essential factor in accomplishing any work.

B. an effective way to save time and energy.

C. a major contributor to physical health.

D. a desirable mental state for busy people.

39. Pillay believes that our brain’s shift between being focused and unfocused ______.

A. can result in psychological well-being.

B. can bring about greater efficiency.

C. is aimed at better balance in work.

D. is driven by task agency.

40. The text is mainly about ________.

A. the key to eliminating distraction.

B. the cause of the lack of focus time.

C. ways to relieve the tension of busy life.

D. approaches to getting more done in less time.

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

A.Just say it.

B.Be present.

C.Pay a unique compliment.

D. Name, places, things.

E. Find the “me too”s

F. Skip the small talk

G. Ask for an opinion

(标题)Five ways to make conversation with anyone. Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will form a link. Here are five simple ways that you can make the first more and start a conversation with strangers.

41.___A Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says” I want to talk with this person”_ this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something -the first word- but it just won’t come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice : just get it out. Just think : what is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now! I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple:“ Hi ”，“Hey ” or “Hello” – do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can , put on a big smile and say “Hi”.

42、—F— It’s a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable. Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi,””hello”,”how are you ?”and “what’s going on?”,you will fail to give the initial iolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable. So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me,you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.

43、___E___ When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.

44、___B____ Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone , and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask.” So when someone tries to communicate with you , just be in that communication wholeheartedly .Make eye contact . Trust me , eye contact is where all the magic happens . When you make eye contact , you can feel the conversation . 45.__D__ You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with perhaps the places they have been to the places they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate—whatever you talk about. When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going. That’s it. Fire amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with! Section III Translation

46. Direction：

Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points) A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” bur quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.

That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet –not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how he world works “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge ,”Gates says. 参考翻译：一个五年级的男孩收到了一份家庭作业：这份家庭作业是让从一张职业列表中选择他自己的职业路径。他首先勾选了“宇航员”这一选项，但随后给这份列表增加了“科学家”并且勾选了这一选项。男孩相信如果他读的书足够多，那么他就可以探索他喜欢的职业。所以他阅读各种类型的书，从百科全书到科幻小说。他太痴迷于阅读，以至于他的父母规定不得在吃饭的时候读书。这个男孩就是比尔盖茨，他甚至在成为全球最成功的人士之后，仍然没有停止阅读。如今，他的阅读题材从科幻小说变成一些参考书。最近，他透漏说自己每年至少阅读 50 本非小说类书籍。盖茨阅读非小说的书是因为这些书解释了世界的运作方式。盖茨说“每一本书太奇教育-中国专业硕士考前辅导第一品牌 www.tqmba.com 都开辟了新的知识途径”。

Section III

Translation Part A

47.Directions: Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith, write an email to

(1) apologize and explain the situation and

(2) suggestion a future meeting.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write your address.

(10 points) 【小作文参考范文】

Dear Professor Smith,

I am writing this email to extend my sincere apology to you. I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have to cancel my travel plan.

Indeed, I would like to come. It’s my great pleasure to visit you. However, I am going to New York attending a very important technology conference most of this month on January 10th . Therefore, I find it impossible to travel at this period.

Again, I would like to say sorry to you. However, I would like to meet you on Monday of next month. I am looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should

1) interpret the chart, and 2)

2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 大作文参考范文：

The pie chart gives information about the factors that consumers take into consideration when choosing restaurant in a certain city in 2017. The largest proportion is special food, accounting for 36.3%. Service takes the second place, occupying 26.8%. The remaining part is made up of environment, price and others, with 23.8%, 8.4% and 4.7% respectively.

There are many factors contributing to above phenomenon. To begin with, the reason why a large number of people prefer to consider the special food, to some extent, stems from the people’s increasing need to satisfy their curiosity for delicious food. Furthermore, high level of service may greatly enhance the sense of people’s enjoyment at the restaurant. Last but not least, the fact that a certain proportion people focus on the environment may reflect people’s improving consciousness to pay more attention to physical health.

Taking all factors into consideration, we can draw the conclusion that with the development of people’s living standard, people’s requirement for restaurant is becoming increasingly various and unique. Restaurants should take a positive attitude to this situation and do their best to meet people’s individual needs.