自考英语语法基础材料：英语的句子成分
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英语的句子成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。
1.主语(Subject)
主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。主语通常是一些代表事物性或实 体性的问语。如：
Bookkeeping is all essential accounting tool. 簿记是会计的基本工具。
除了名词可担任主语外，还有代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句均可作主语，如
He works in a big company. 他在一家大公司工作。转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com
To drive car needs some knowledge of its performance. 要开汽车须对其性能有所了解。
Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product. 广告是一种给公众提供信息的方式，目的在于推销产品。
Whatever was said hear must be kept secret. 在这里所谈的一切都要保密。
2.谓语(Predicate)
谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。
I have read “Romance of the West Chamber”。 我看过《西厢记》
Silent words of love acre passing between us. 无声的情话在我们之间交流。
We should promote our friendship on such a basis. 我们应该在这样的基础上促进我们的友谊。
They are dancing. 他们在跳舞。
3.宾语(Object)
宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾语一般在及物动词之后，作宾语的词有名词，代词宾格，数词、动词不定式、动名词、复合结构、从句等，如：
Trust the students. 相信学生们吧。
Don't have anything more to do with him. 别再和他来往了。
How many do you need? We need ten. 你需要多少?十个。转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com
They are planning to see the sights of Chongqing tomorrow. 他们打算明天游览重庆的名胜。
He dreamt of meeting and falling in love with a beautiful woman. 他梦想遇上并爱上美丽的女人。
You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. 几个小时以后你就会发觉疼痛慢慢减轻了。
We must find out ] who signed the contract. 我们要找出是谁签的合同。
4.定语 (Attribute)
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。如：
A small business may employ only one bookkeeper. 小企业可以只雇用一个簿记员。
除形容词之外，数词、名词所有格、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语、动名词、副词、从句等，都可作定语。
There is some exciting news on the newspaper today. 今天报上有令人兴奋的消息。
Every Saturday Mr. Black goes to the supermarket to do shopping. 每星期六，布莱克先生都去超级市场购物。
See the statement above. 见上文。
The faded flowers covered the ground. 地上满是凋谢的花朵。
It's a firm that specializes in hand-made furniture. 那是一家专门经营手工家具的公司。
5.状语 (Adverbial)
状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的，表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等。
作状语的词有副词或相当于副词的其它词、短语、从句。如：
Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in modern business world. 会计是现代商业领域中发展最快的部门之一。
To explain the difference briefly， the accountant sets up a bookkeeping system. 为了简洁地解释差异现象，会计师建立起簿记系统。
Personally， I hope you will make a holiday tour with me. 就我个人而言，我希望你能和我一起作一次假日旅游。
He was disappointed because his love of her was unrequited. 他感到失望，因为他对她的爱没有得到报答。
Seeing this， they became very worried. 看到这种情况，他们心里很着急。
Taken in time， the medicine will be quite effective. 如果吃得及时，这药是很有效的。
6.同位语(Appositive)
同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。
We Americans are hard-working. 我们美国人是勤劳的。
You two are very lazy. 你们两个很懒。
Winston Churchill， Britain's Prime Minister during the Second World War， died in 1965. 第二次世界大战中的英国首相温斯顿。邱吉尔死于1965年。
Shanghai， once the paradise for adventurers， is now the largest industrial base in China. 曾经是冒险家乐园的上海，现在是中国最大的工业基地。
7.补语 (Complement)
(1)英语中有些及物动词虽然有了宾语，但句子的意思仍不完整，还需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义，这种成分叫宾语补语。能作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词。
They appointed him head of the department. 他们任命他当部门主任。
They painted the wall blue. 他们把墙刷成蓝色。
People regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light. 人们认为太阳是主要的热源和光源。
(2)当带有宾语的句子变成被动语态，句子原来的宾语就成了主语，而原来的宾补也就随之成了主补。试比较：
They appointed him head of the department.
He was appointed head of the department.
They painted the wall blue.
The wall was painted blue.
People regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.
The sun is regarded as the chief source of heat and light.
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