2011年自考“外刊经贸知识选读”串讲

　　第一章 $lesson$

　　一、术语转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

　　制成品 manufactured goods 资本货物 capital goods 国际收支 balance of payments 经常项目 current account 有形贸易项目 visible trade account 无形贸易项目 invisible trade account 贸易顺差 trade surplus 贸易逆差 trade deficit

　　易货贸易 barter 补偿贸易 compensation trade 反向贸易 counter-trade 组装生产 assembly manufacturing 工商统一税 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 合资企业 joint venture 延期付款 deferred payment 买方信贷 buyer credit 卖方信贷 supplier credit 软贷款 (低息贷款) soft loan 最惠国待遇 MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment)

　　永久性正常贸易关系 PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 国民收入 NI(National Income) 国民生产总值 GNP(Gross National Product) 国内生产总值 GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 国际复兴和开发银行 IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 国际开发协会 IDA(International Development Association) 国际金融公司 IFC(International Finance Comporation) 经济合作和发展组织 OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

　　国际清算银行 BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 欧洲经济共同体 EEC(European Economic Community) 欧洲联盟 EU(European Union) 外商直接投资 FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)

　　二、词语释义：

　　substantially ： dramatically， significantly， considerably

　　subsequently： afterwards

　　exacerbate： deteriorate， worsen; aggravate; make worse

　　withdraw： cancellation

　　theme： principle

　　in return for： in exchange for

　　disrupt： interrupt

　　destined： designed

　　pronounced： marked

　　in the wake of： following; after with转自环 球 网 校edu24ol.com

　　undue： too much; unbearable

　　reverse： change to the opposite

　　buoyant： brisk

　　outcome： result

　　boost： stimulate; promote; develop

　　recover： rebound

　　facilitate： make easy

　　run-down： reduction

　　mount exhibitions： hold exhibitions

　　insofar as： to the extent

　　bottlenecks： obstacles

　　三、句子翻译

　　1. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country‘s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.

　　20世纪50年代，中国向前苏联和东欧各国出口农产品以换取制成品和国家的工业化计划所要求的资本设备，而国家的工业化计划则强调重工业的发展。

　　2. The growth of foreign trade was distrupted again during the Cultural Revolution when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.

　　3. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China‘s economic planners， but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978， placing undue strain on the national economy.

　　在这个时期，出口增长要快于进口增长不仅是由于中国经济计划者着重强调出口，也是因为大多工业项目在1979年被推迟了。官方承认外国技术能够在中国经济的现代化化中起重大作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。

　　4. Chinese official stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry， but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication，not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.

　　中国官员强调为国内工业引进先进技术的重要性，但是需要的是各种程度不同的精尖技术，而不是像西方国家理解的先进技术。

　　5. There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments，but the size of the visible trade surplus during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years. 没有官方的统计资料涉及无形贸易收支，但在1981-1983年期间的有形贸易顺差的大小和旅游赢利的显著增长表明了经常项目在过去几年里有盈余。

　　6. Goods are produced according to a sample provided by the customer，while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade whereby a foreign seller supplies raw materials and equipment and receives manufactured goods， produced by the equipment provided，in return .Compensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product. Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.

　　根据顾客提供的样品来生产产品，同时强烈鼓励补偿贸易。由此国外的供应商提供原材料和设备并收到由其提供的设备生产出来的制成品作为回报。补偿贸易在某种程度上不同于易货贸易和反向贸易，在国外提供的设备和制成品中有直接的联系。来件组装始于1978年，特殊的对外贸易形式有资格免除关税和其他税收。

　　7. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China‘s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets. The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy， such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints， have been tackled.

　　许多发展中国家面对的债务问题使中国在引进外国技术时下了这样的决心：采用直接投资和优惠付款方式融资，而不是在国际资本市场筹集大额的资金。在经济中的许多实际瓶颈，如运输网络的不足和能源缺乏被克服以前，官方认为招来大笔外债的做法是不妥当的。

　　第二章

　　一、术语：

　　1.The special Economic Zone 经济特区

　　2.a well-placed source 一位高层消息灵通人士

　　3.infrastructure 基础设施

　　4.capital stock 实际资本

　　5.consumer goods 消费品

　　6.preferential tax rate 优惠税率

　　7.cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业

　　8.ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区

　　9.entrepreneurship 企业家精神

　　10.means of production 生产资料

　　11.stock-taking 评估

　　12.Allocation of resources 资源配置

　　13.macroregulation and control 宏观调控

　　14.fiscal policies 财政政策

　　15.tight monetary policy 紧缩的货币政策

　　16.working capital 运营资本

　　17.basic policy 基本国策

　　18.technical transformation 技术革新

　　二、词语释义：

　　1.in piecemeal form： piece by piece; gradually 逐渐的

　　2.showpiece： a prime or outstanding example 典范

　　3.pipedream： fantasy; daydream; dream that cannot be realized 白日梦

　　4.from scratch： from the very beginning 从零开始，从最初开始

　　5.grassroots： basic level 基层

　　6.the dust settles： the confusion ends 尘埃落定

　　7.in the driver‘s seat： in the dominant position

　　三、句子翻译：

　　1.A clearly confident China has rolled up a large section of its bamboo curtain， declared itself “open to the outside world” and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviting foreign investors to come and do serious business.

　　明显地，满怀信心的中国卷起了大部分的竹幕，并宣布向外部世界开放，打出邀请外国投资者来它所有的城市投资项目的招牌。

　　2.The literally， this does not make more sense as the parts of the coast which have not been “opened” are simply not ready for the demands of foreign businessman.

　　从字面上来理解，这没有太大的意义，由于部分沿海城市还没有为外商的需求做好准备。

　　3.In the SEZs， which are being built almost from scratch， foreigners can invest in anything which the state deems useful for the country， be it， for example， production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.

　　在一切几乎从零开始的经济特区，只要中国政府认为对国家有益，外国人可对任何项目进行投资，例如出口货物的生产或私人住宅的房地产开发。

　　4.So， while comprehensive framework for the country“s modernization has been provided by the central committee”s 21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure， it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way.

　　因此，虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日的改革经济结构的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的框架，但要等尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道却还需要一段时间。

　　5.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People‘s Congress discusses the seventh five-year plan， which will run to the end of the decade.

　　评估开放政策将在这年迟一些到来，在全国人民代表大会讨论第七个五年计划，到10年末将进行。

　　第三章

　　一、术语：

　　1.economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国

　　2.commercial hub 商业活动中心

　　3.Per capita 人均

　　4.Gross National Product 国民生产总值

　　5.punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税

　　6.securities 有价证券

　　7.real estate market 房地产市场

　　8.“ Greater China”trade bloc “大中华”贸易集团

　　9.conglomerate 跨行业公司

　　10.consortium 国际财团

　　11.GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

　　二、词语释义：

　　1.jockey： move

　　2.is bustling with： is filled with

　　3.giddy： dizzy; euphoric

　　4.farfetched： improbable; incredible

　　5.clear： earn a net profit

　　6.deal a hard blow t strike heavily

　　7.rung： level

　　8.retaliation： return of ill treatment for ill treatment; revenge; reprisal

　　9.career out of control： run out of control

　　三、句子翻译：

　　1. A farfetched prediction? The new American administration doesn‘t think so. Bill Clinton has appointed China hands to top Asia posts at the state and Treasury departments. When critics called the appointments a slight to Japan， the leading Pacific economic power， U.S. Deputy Treasury Secretary Roger Altman explained the administration’s reasoning： by early in the next century， he said ，China may replace Japan in importance to the U.S. as an economic partner. Japan recognizes the rise of China. As a warning shot in an intensifying rivalry， Tokyo last week put punitive import tariffs on Chinese steel.

　　一个牵强的预测吗?新美国行政机构不这样俯为，克林顿已被委任中国国务院和财政部在亚洲的要职，评论家称这个委任冷落了日本。最大的太平经济力量，美国的代表-财政部长罗格?奥得曼解释行政机构的理由：他说：“在下个世纪初，中国可以会取代日本作为美国经济伙伴的重要地位。”日本承认中国的崛起，上周日本作为在日益激烈竞争中的一次鸣枪警示给中国的钢以惩罚性的进口关税。

　　2.With the U.S. Congress due to consider the renewal of China“s most-favored nation trade status in June， officials in Beijing fear the trade imbalance could surpass human rights as a source of U.S. opposition to preferred status for China. ”The trade surplus itself will be the NO.1 problem this year.“ Says one Chinese official. ”After Japan， we‘ll be first in line for relation.“

　　美国议会由于考虑在六月延长中国最惠国待遇，北京的官员担心贸易不平衡可能超越人权问题而作为反对优惠待遇的借口。中国的一位官员说：“贸易顺差将会成为今年首要问题。”继日本之后，我们会成为第一个被报复的国家。

　　3.However， even as the party promotes growth as a national priority， it worries about going too far. Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits， and the party press is issuing strident warnings， urging restraint on buyers and sellers alike. Rapid development is overwhelming China‘s antique transport networks.

　　然而，正当党把促进增长作为一个国家优先的问题时，它又担心增长的太快。通货膨胀已在近期又回到了两位数，党政刊物发出刺耳的警告，力劝买卖方都要克制。

　　第四章

　　一、术语：

　　1.centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济

　　2.market economy 市场经济

　　3.disinflationary (anti-inflationary) policies 反通货膨胀政策

　　4.deflation 通货紧缩

　　5.short-term dollar interest rates 短期美元利率

　　6.commodity market 商品市场

　　7.nominal (dollar) terms 名义(美元)价

　　8.constant (dollar) terms 不变(美元)价9.business cycle 商业周期

　　10.weighted average 加权平均数

　　11.hard currencies 硬通货

　　12.fiscal adjustment 财政调整

　　13.portfolio investment 有价证券投资

　　14.market diversification 市场多元化

　　15.tight credit policy 紧缩的信贷政策16.exchange-rate devaluation 汇率贬值

　　17.accommodative monetary policy 融通性货币政策

　　18.yield curve 收益曲线

　　19.per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值

　　20.GATT： General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定

　　21.EMS： European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系

　　22.GDP deflator 消除国内生产总值通货膨胀因素指数( GDP 平减指数)

　　23.CMEA (Comecon)： Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 经互会

　　24.LIBOR： London Inter-Bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业银行优惠利率

　　22.per capita income 人均收入

　　23.multilateral trade agreements 多边贸易协定

　　24.Portfolio investment 证券投资

　　25.cyclical deceleration in investment spending 生产总值通货膨胀因素指数

　　26.the population-weighted growth rate 人口加权增长率

　　二、词语释义：

　　1.in a row： in succession

　　2.easing： slowing down; decrease

　　3.momentum： force of movement

　　4.underlying： being at the basis of

　　5.slackening： slowing of speed

　　6.compound： worsen

　　7.moderate inflation： ease inflation

　　8.robust： strong and healthy

　　9.setbacks： frustrations

　　10.slump： depression

　　11.edge down： move slowly down

　　12.depreciation： devaluation

　　13.spike： abrupt increase

　　14.pick-up： recovery

　　15.rein in： control

　　16.bottoming-out： reaching the lowest point before rising again ( 止跌回升)

　　17.stagnat： stop; almost

　　三、句子翻译：

　　1.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The Seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth-from 2.8 percent in 1990 to 1.9 percent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada， the United Kingdom， and the United States and growth rates slowed in Continental Europe and Japan. In important respects. The slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies， weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition， a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending.

　　1991年，在发展中国家增长恶化的国际情形下，七个主要工业国的国内生产总值经历了一个急剧的下滑，从1990年的2.8%下降到1991年的1.9%，像加拿大、美国、英国陷入了萧条，欧洲大陆和日本增长率减缓。这个减速与发生在20世纪70年代和80年代的不同。并不是反通货膨胀政策的结果，需求的疲软大多与发展势头的丧失紧密相关，这个势头开始于1983年，在长期扩充中已经形成。此外，在许多工业国减速的一个普遍的根本因素是投资开支的周期性。

　　2.Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates―a positive development for many developing countries―it also contributed to a drop of over 6 percent in nominal commodity prices and to a slackening， to 3 percent， in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the soviet Union and its successor states， where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of import from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports to earn hard currencies.

　　尽管美国疲软的需求导致了短期美元利率急剧地下跌，但对于发展中国家的发展是积极的，它也导致了名义产品价格约6%的下跌，世界贸易增长下跌了3%.苏联和它的后继国经济情形的恶化加剧了这一趋势，外汇短缺的增长导致了从东欧进口的压缩，加速了某些产品的出口，获得了硬通货。

　　3.Financial stress brought on by excessive debt in the household and corporate sectors was an example of another kind of structural problem， in particular for the economies of Japan and the United States. Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies， curtailing financing of higher-risk projects such as commercial construction and highly leveraged corporate transaction. A number of weaker institutions were also consolicated through bankruptcy， merger and reorganization.

　　过多债务的财政压力招致了家族和公司部门是另外一种结构问题的例子，尤其是日本和美国的经济。这两个国家在财政制度上采取了比较保守的借贷政策，削减了对商业建筑这类高风险的财政项目和对公司依靠大量借贷进行交易的融资。大多数疲软的机构也通过破产，合并和重组来联合。

　　4.The major risk facing this highly trade-oriented region is the potential for sluggishness or disruption in world-trade flows. Economic weakness in some of the region‘s traditional export markets has underlined the importance of market diversification， including a further strengthening of ties within the region. Increasingly buoyant intraregional trade in East Asia may be viewed as evidence of an ongoing process of “market-oriented” regional integration， a development that could partially offset lackluster progress in the area of multilateral trade agreements.

　　这个高度以贸易为导向的地区面对的风险主要是潜在的世界贸易流中的萧条或混乱。一些地区传统出口市场的经济萎靡已强调了市场多样化的重要性。包括进一步加强地区内的联系。

　　日益活跃的东亚内贸易可被视为一个“市场导向”地区一体化的见证，这一点可弥补多边贸易协定领域毫无生气的进展局面。

　　第五章

　　一、术语：

　　trade representative 贸易谈判代表

　　government procurement 政府采购

　　NAFTA ( North America Free Trade Agreements )北美自由贸易协定

　　trade sanctions 贸易制裁

　　trade hawks 贸易中主张强硬路线的鹰派人物

　　二、词语释义：

　　1.tough： uncompromising (不妥协的，强硬的)

　　2.discrimination： unfair treatment

　　3.sanctions： penalty

　　4.escalate： develop; intensify

　　5.frictions： conflicts

　　6.procurement： purchase

　　7.be bullied into doing： be forced to do

　　8.is awake t is conscious of

　　9.amenable to responsive to

　　10.a ragged start： a poor start

　　11.intolerable： unbearable

　　12.retaliate： revenge; reprisal

　　13.impose： exert; influence

　　14s.drawn-out： prolonged and boring

　　15.shock： impact

　　16. prompting： provoking

　　17. tactical： skillful

　　18. underpinning： foundation

　　19. peeved： annoyed

　　20. embrace： acceptance

　　三、句子翻译：

　　1.WASHINGTON-The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S. policy on trade， signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S. trading partners get worse before they get better.

　　华盛顿消息：克林顿政府正采取更加强硬的美国贸易政策，向欧洲和日本发出信号要求对美国的出口品提供一个更为公正的待遇，并已做好准备迎接将在与贸易伙伴关系改善之前出现的关系恶化。

　　2.The strongest signal came last week， when Mickey Kanter， the U.S. trade representative， moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for “intolerable” discrimination against U.S. companies seeking government contracts within the community. The administration will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.

　　最强的信号来自于上周，美国贸易代表米奇?凯特引用欧共体的话指出，12国欧共体谋求共同体内部的政府间合同是对美国公司的“令人无法忍受的”歧视。凯特先生说，如果欧共体一意孤行，美国政府将于六周后开始报复。

　　3.Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into a full-fledged trade war that would shock the world“s fragile economies. Thus， the administration will not be deterred by complaints that it has moved to ”protectionism.“

　　对于这种更加大胆的政策会升级为震动世界脆弱经济的全面贸易战争，政府官员认为这种危险的可能性很小，因此虽有人抱怨美国已趋向“贸易保护主义”，政府不会受其阻碍。

　　4.In some ways， Mr. Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration， which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.

　　从某种程度上，克林顿先生和他的顾问们正在走一条人们熟悉的与布什政府相同的路。布什政府去年曾威胁对欧共体实行制裁，并退出了关贸总协定的谈判，没有答署只会给美国公司带来小量收益的协定。

　　第六章

　　一、术语：

　　the single market 统一大市场 Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约

　　barrier-free market 无壁垒市场 free-trade zone 自由贸易区

　　referendum 公民复决投票 merger 兼并

　　budget cuts 预算削减 political and economic integration 政治经济一体化

　　deregulation 放松管制 privatization 私有化

　　二、词语释义：

　　big bang： strong and powerful effect; impact (不同凡响的效果)

　　sour： worsen backlash： a strong adverse reaction

　　be bursting to： be eager to (迫不及待地 … ) skid： slide; fall

　　gush about： talk about with excessive enthusiasm (滔滔不绝地谈论)

　　translate into： transform into hang over： impend over; threaten

　　三、句子翻译：

　　1.Yet in its current dour mood， Europe risks almost overlooking the revolutionary step forward it has taken in creating the world“s largest and wealthiest barrier-free market ― and on a continent where， for centuries， economic battles have led to some of history”s bloodiest wars. But perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe. One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity， but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.

　　然而在目前抑郁的情绪中，欧洲几乎冒险忽视了那种前进的革命性步伐，它曾以那种步伐创立了世界上最大的、最富有的自由市场――在一个大洲，那里几个世纪以来经济上的争斗已经导致了一些历史上最血腥的战争。另外，一些观察家说，如果无法通过推进欧洲一体化来加强大市场，那将导致破坏内部市场计划已经取得的成就。

　　2. The single market is central to the community“s progress， but it is by no means certain that it could stand alone， says one senior EC official here， ”if the political will to continue moving forward fails， we can anticipate more strains in the marriage contract that ultimately would strike at what we“ve accomplished.”

　　“大市场是共同体进步的中心，但是决不能肯定它能独立存在”，一位欧共体高级官员在这里说，“如果继续前进的政治意愿没有了，我们能预见到联姻协议中会出现更多的紧张因素，它们最终会打击我们已经取得的成绩。”

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