2009年自考英语(一)应试复习资料第七章

　　本课简介

　　技术是否也是一把双刃剑，在给人们带来帮助的同时也带来了弊端?本课通过卫星通讯的利弊昭示人们“明智”地运用技术才能使我们走向成功。

　　卫星、计算机和电视的三结合改变了人们的生活。卫星被用来传送电视节目、电话和印刷材料;卫星被用于远程教育，使边远地区的人们通过“空中教室”接受教育;卫星被用来帮助生活在交通不便的偏僻地区的人们;卫星使世界各地的人们便捷地获取信息。然而侵犯隐私、使人与人之间疏于接触交流等弊端也应引起关注。

　　本课主要语言点

　　1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…

　　本句中的beginning 是一个名词，意思是“开始，开端”。如：

　　means在本句中的意思是“方法;工具”

　　by all means 尽一切办法

　　live within/beyond one's means 量入(不量入)为出

　　a means to an end 达到目的的方法

　　by some means or other 用某种方法

　　2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

　　句中所用的过去完成时，表示过去某时前已经发生的动作或情况。该动作已经完成，或者可能延续下去。用by引起的时间状语常与过去完成时连用。例如：

　　1)By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. (到去年六月底为止他们已经访问了15个国家。)

　　2)By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. (到去年年底，亨利已经采集了一千五百多个蝴蝶标本。)

　　established在句中做形容词，意思是“常规的”。这个词还可解释为“(被)设立的;确认的;既定的;公认的”。例如：

　　1)a newly established organization (新设的组织)

　　2)the established principles of international law (公认的国际法准则)

　　3)an established fact (既成事实)

　　4)an established custom (常规)

　　3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

　　such as的后面既可以跟名词也可以跟从句，意为“诸如…之类的”;“例如”或“像…这样的人或事物”

　　which引导的是一个非限定性的定语从句。非限定性定语从句在修饰人时用who， whom或whose， 在修饰物时用which.非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开

　　非限定性定语从句也可用关系副词where或when来引导。非限定性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是前面主句中的一个短语、从句或前面整个句子，通常用关系代词which引导。

　　4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.

　　in theory意为“从理论上来说;在理论上”，与其意思相反的词组是in practice (在实践中;实际上)。

　　have access to是一个很常用的词组，意为“可接近，可进入”，to是介词，动词have也可用其他词替换。如get，gain，give，win等。

　　information是一个不可数名词，后面不可以加s，许多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表达。一条信息可以表达为a piece of information.

　　amount通常用在不可数名词前面，如the amount of money; a considerable amount of prejudice (相当大的偏见)。在复数名词前面可用number，如the number of mistakes; the number of students

　　5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.

　　how引导的是一个宾语从句。我们很熟悉的是that引导的宾语从句，而且that常常可以省略。如：We must remember (that)things are easier said than done. (我们必须记住事情都是说起来容易，做起来难。)

　　用连接代词或副词引导的宾语从句我们也应弄清楚。

　　provide是一个常用单词，通常可以有如下用法：provide sth. to/for sb.; provide sb. with sth.; provide sb. sth.;provide that…，在前一个单元中，我们已对provide一词有过讲解

　　6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.

　　句子中的on意思为“关于;有关”，可用about替换

　　care of 在句子中的意思是“照顾”，可用attend; look after替换。

　　care for 还可以解释为“担心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替换for.

　　1)He doesn't care about/for his clothes. (他不讲究衣着。)

　　2)The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. (老太太非常为女儿的安全担心。

　　7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however

　　在本句中做副词用，意思相当于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差异的。however不放在句首或句末时，前后通常都加逗号，而but则不用。请看例句：

　　1)It is not，however， the only answer to the question. (然而，这不是问题的唯一答案。)

　　2)I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. (很报歉，我这次不能来了。)

　　8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.

　　available是一个形容词，意思是“可得到的;可用的;有效的”。

　　1)I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. (很报歉，那些鞋没你的尺码。)

　　2)If I am not available when you call， leave a message. (你打电话来时如果我不在，请留个言。)

　　9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.

　　prevent…from…意思为“阻止…发生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From在前两个短语中可被省去。

　　Nothing can prevent him (from)going there.(什么也阻止不了他去那儿。)

　　本课主要词组及语法要点

　　词组：

　　1. at the beginning of 2.means of

　　3. over long distance 4. by the middle of

　　5. such as 6. change into

　　7. from…to… 8. be capable of

　　9. not only…but… 10.in theory

　　11. have access to 12.amount of

　　13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions

　　15. care for 16. as well as

　　17. at the same time 18. make…available

　　19. pay for 20.isolate…from…

　　语法：

　　1.过去完成时

　　1)…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

　　2. 非限定性定语从句

　　1)…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

　　2)…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals.

　　3)The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center.

　　2. 宾语从句

　　1)We must remember that technology alone is not the answer.

　　2)The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。

　　3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法

　　1)In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， …

　　2)…printed materials such as books and magazines.

　　3)…as well as get any information they need， …

　　4)As one telecommunication expert days， …

　　Text B What People Don't Know about Air

　　短语表达

　　1. without

　　We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help.

　　2. adv. + past participle

　　It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun.

　　It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter.

　　3. where

　　Where there is a will，there is a way.

　　4. be forced to

　　They were forced to work 14 hours a day.

　　5. shelter v.& n.

　　Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news.

　　You have to find shelter from the blazing sun.

　　6. protect from

　　She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun.

　　7. deadly adj.

　　A drop of this poison might be deadly to man.

　　8. burst

　　As he braked a tire burst.

　　Everybody in the room burst out laughing.

　　The little girl burst into tears.

　　9. rest upon

　　His arm rested upon the table.

　　The task rested upon my shoulder.

　　His eyes rested upon a strange object.

　　10. gaze at

　　He was standing at the window， gazing at the street.

　　11. not…until

　　He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework.

　　12. in the meantime

　　13. pay attention to

　　Please pay more attention to your spelling next time.

　　14. add to

　　If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life.

　　What he said just now added to my confusion.

　　本课主要语法点：动词不定式

　　在句子中，不能作谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式，分词和动名词。

　　1.不定式的语法功能：不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此他在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语。

　　1)作主语

　　如：To speak English well is not an easy job.说好英语不是一件容易的事情。

　　动词不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往用it作形式主语，而把不定式短语放在谓语动词之后。

　　如：It is important to master English grammar.掌握英语的语法是重要的。

　　2)作表语

　　如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the children.我们的计划是为孩子们再建一所学校。

　　His ambition is to become a successful scientist.他的抱负是要成为一名成功的科学家。

　　3)作宾语

　　如：They decided to change their mind. 他们决定改变主意。

　　I can't afford to live in a detached house.我住不起独门独院的房子。

　　注：a)不定式短语作宾语时，如果还有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语。

　　如：I find it interesting to study English.我觉得学英语很有趣。

　　b)动词不定式也可以作某些形容词短语的宾语。这些形容词有：ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, afraid, pleased等。

　　如：They are anxious to learn how to swim.他们渴望学会游泳。

　　c)动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但是不定式之前如有疑问词，就可以作介词的宾语。

　　如：Professor Wang gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.王教授给了一些如何学习外语的建议。

　　d) 有些动词可以跟疑问词+不定式作宾语

　　如：I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步该做什么。

　　4)作宾语补足语

　　动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。

　　如：My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. 我的英语老师建议我买一本好的词典。

　　注：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, observe, see, watch, make, have, let等动词后面，复合宾语中动词不定式的标记to通常被省略。动词help后面的to可以省略也可以保留。

　　如：I saw her enter the cinema.我看见她进了电影院。

　　We must have someone repair the computer.我们必须让人来修这台电脑。

　　He helps the little girl (to) finish her homework everyday.他每天都帮助这个小女孩完成她的家庭作业。

　　5)作定语

　　动词不定式作定语放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。

　　如：Her desire to win was apparent.她的求胜愿望显而易见。

　　She was the only one to get a scholarship.她是唯一得到奖学金的人。

　　注：a)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具， 不定式后面须加相应的介词。

　　如：She is looking for a room to live in.她在寻找一间房子住。(live是不及物动词，后面加相应的介词)

　　I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。(pen是write动作的工具，在write后面加介词)

　　但是如果不定式修饰的名词是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。

　　如：He had no place to live.他没有居住的地方。

　　That's no way to talk.不应这样谈话。

　　b)在there+be这一句型中，动词不定式作定语时可能出现动词不定式的被动式，其含义和主动式基本相同。

　　如：There are many books to read/ to be read.有好多书要读。

　　但是当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事情时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动式。

　　如：There's nothing to do.意为无事可做，感到无聊。

　　There's nothing to be done.意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。

　　c)被only, last, next，序数词，最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。

　　如：The next train to arrive is from New York.下一列到达的火车是从纽约开来的。

　　Clint was the only person to survive the air crash. Clint 是这次空难事故中唯一的幸存者。

　　6)作状语

　　a)动词不定式作目的状语：

　　如：He went to America to learn English.他去美国学习英语。

　　为了强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可以用in order to或so as to.

　　如：She reads China Daily every day in order to/so as to improve her English.她每天读《中国日报》提高她的英语水平。

　　in order to 为于句首或句中均可，so as to不能为于句首。

　　b)动词不定式作结果状语：

　　不定式作结果状语时，往往仅限于几个具有终止含义的动词，learn(得知),find(发现)，see(看见)，hear(听见)等。

　　如：He retuned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.他回家后才知道他的儿子已去了乡下。

　　不定式用在too…to和enough结构中表示结果

　　如：He is old enough to join the army.他够参军的年龄了。

　　He is too short to reach the top of the shelf.他太矮了，够不着书架的顶层。

　　某些形容词如：anxious, delighted, easy, kind, pleased, ready, willing 等，在too…to结构中，没有否定的含义，而是表示肯定。

　　如：He is too ready to find fault.他老是爱挑毛病。

　　在not, only, all, never, but等后的too…to结构，too的含义为very,不定式没有否定含义。

　　如：It is never too late to learn.活到老，学到老。

　　动词不定式和only连用时，表示未预料到的结果。

　　如：He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.他匆匆地赶到车站，却发现火车已经离开了。

　　2.动词不定式的复合结构

　　动词不定式的复合结构for+名词或代词宾格+动词不定式，在这种结构中，for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语。

　　如：It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我们必须互相学习。(不定式作主语)

　　What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.我们所希望的是你更清楚地了解这件事。(不定式作表语)

　　We consider it necessary for him to do the job alone.我们认为很有必要他独自做那项工作。(不定式作宾语)

　　There is a lot work for us to do.有很多工作要我们去做。(不定式作定语)

　　The text is too long for us to learn by heart.课文太长，我们背不下来。(不定式作状语)

　　注：有些表示人或事物性质、特征的形容词的不定式复合结构是of+名词或代词宾格+动词不定式

　　如： It is very kind of you to help him every day.每天帮助他，你真好。

　　It is brave of you to do that.你那样做真勇敢。

　　3.疑问词what, who, which, when, where, how和连接词whether之后，可以跟带to的不定式，构成一个特殊的动词不定式短语，可以在句中作主语，宾语和表语。

　　如：How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题是很重要的。(主语)

　　He didn't know what to say. 他不知道该怎么说。(宾语)

　　The question is where to find the source of water.问题是在什么地方能找到水源。(表语)

　　4.不带to的不定式

　　1)在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, let, have等动词后面，动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式符号to通常省略。

　　2)在would rather…than, would sooner…than, rather than, had better等结构中

　　如：I would rather go than stay.我宁愿走不愿意留下。

　　He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.他坚持要返回到工作岗位，而不再住院。

　　3)在以why引导的疑问句中不带to。

　　如：Why spend such a lot of money? 为什么花那么多钱?

　　4)在cannot but, cannot choose, cannot help but之后的不定式不带to.

　　如：I cannot but admire his courage. 我不得不钦佩他的勇气。

　　5) 不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后面的不定式不带to, 否则要带to。

　　如：The boy would do nothing but cry.这个男孩只是哭。

　　I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这个事实之外，我别无选择。

　　6)某些习语中，如：make believe(假装)，let go (放开，释放)，hear say(据说)，go hang (

　　忘却)等。

　　如：The children are making believe that they are princes and princesses.孩子假装他们是王子和公主。

　　7)两个动词不定式由and, or 或than连接在一起，为了避免重复，第二个动词不定式可以省去。

　　如：I'd like to lie down and go to sleep.我想躺下睡觉。

　　但是如果是两者的对照，后面的不定式不省to.

　　如：It is better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。

　　第二部分 巩固练习

　　用括号中动词的适当形式填空

　　1.The boy was made ___________ (sing) the song once again.

　　填to sing. 在make后面，不定式作主语补足语时应该加上不定式符号to

　　2.Don't make children _________ (work) too hard.

　　填work. make后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候，省略不定式符号to

　　3.They would rather _____ (die) than _________ (surrender).

　　填 die, surrender。would rather 后面不用to

　　4.He could not choose but ___________ (love) her.

　　填love. could not choose but后面之后的不定式不带to

　　5.She could do nothing but _________ (change ) her name under the circumstances.

　　填change. 不定式动词在介词but后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后面的不定式不带to, 否则要带to

　　6.He had his son _________ (play)the violin three hours a day.

　　填play. have 后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语，要省略to

　　7.There was nothing to do except _________ (escape).

　　填escape. 不定式动词在介词except后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后面的不定式不带to, 否则要带to

　　8.He has not alternative but ________ (go ) and ask his sister for help.

　　填 to go. 不定式动词在介词but后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后面的不定式不带to, 否则要带to

　　9.What can you see in the park?

　　I can see birds ________ (fly ) in the sky and sometimes I can see people _______ (do) shadowboxing.

　　填 fly/ do 感官动词see后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语的时候，省略to

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