2018年自学考试《英语(一)》复习笔记(13)

2018年自学考试《英语(一)》复习笔记(13)

Text A　The Importance of Being Kind and Polite

“Frankly， I think you're boring.” Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly?

本句翻译：“公开跟你讲，我觉得你很讨厌。”为什么我们几乎听不到人们会这样非常直来直去的讲话呢?

seldom 很少，几乎不

Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.

本句翻译：除非你要终止与对方的关系，要不然你不会跟对方说出你对她或他有这种不好的想法。

unless (conj.)除非;如果不

For example： I shall go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我将去那里。

You will fail unless you work harder. 你若不更加努力，你就会失败。

end (finish)结束

Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole， or falling asleep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.

本句翻译：对你的朋友集邮的成就无动于衷;当一个高尔夫球手兴兴高采烈地告诉你，他的第14穴打得很精彩时，你却在打哈欠;当你的朋友们兴致勃勃地给你看他们最近到苏圣玛丽去旅游拍下的那些照片时，你却酣然入睡了——这一切都是有教养的人所尽力避免的。

三个并列的动名次短语做句子的主语failing to be impressed…， yawning…， falling asleep…

failing to be impressed 没有记住…

yawning 打哈欠

falling asleep 睡觉

This is what manners are about： acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding， friction， and conflict.

本句翻译：一切行动都按市民能接受的懂礼貌的方式去做，避免误会，避免磨擦，避免冲突——这才是合乎礼貌的言行举止(注：高尔夫球，海外华人称“穴”，国内称“洞”——译者注)。

manners 行为方式

in … way 以某种方式

There are no laws enforcing respect.

本句翻译：根本就没有强迫你来尊敬别人的那种法律。

Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior， rules that are set by some form of social consensus.

本句翻译： 可是，如果没有一定的道德行为的准则，人们互相间就无法交往了。这些准则是以社会上一致赞成的公德的形式确定下来的。

interact with others 彼此交流，彼此交往

without some rules… 相当于一个条件状语从句的否定式

These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.

本句翻译： 这些道德行为准则代表着大多数人所能接受的和他们认为所不能接受的做法。

Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.

本句翻译：那些行为举止根本不尊重大多数人所遵守的规则的人都是粗野的人。

Show respect for 对…表示出尊重

follow 遵守，遵循

For instance， because they talk at home while the television is on， many people think they can talk at movies as well.

本句翻译：例如，因为许多人在自己家里一边看电视一边高谈阔论，他们就认为在电影院看电影时也可以高声喧哗。

for instance： for example 例如

on： go on 进行

They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.

本句翻译：他们甚至没意识到，这种习惯会使其他一些电影观众感到讨厌。

be aware that：意识到

members of the audience 观众

member 成员

Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections， and most smokers are polite enough to ask， “Do you mind if I smoke?” before lighting up.

本句翻译：饭店里都设有吸烟室和非吸烟区，大多数烟民在没点着香烟之前，都会很有礼貌的问一声在旁边就座的人：“我吸烟的话，您介意吗?”

non- 没有，无

before lighting up 点燃

Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections.

本句翻译：饭店里本来也都应该设有手提电话区和非手提电话区。

A new class of rude people has been born： the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.

本句翻译：现在又冒出来一群新的粗野人，即看我有多神气地打着手提电话的一族。这些人在电话上的那些无聊的谈话，对我们心理健康的危害，和吸烟对我们的肺部健康的危害是同样严重的。

class 阶层，群体

look-at-me 看看我

Sometimes， it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.

本句翻译：有时，做一个默默无闻的人倒比让人恨你、讨厌你更好一些。

There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.

本句翻译：有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行为是一般人所不能接受的。

They swear no matter who is around them， they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.

本句翻译：他们动不动就开口骂人，也不管旁边有什么人在场。在教师同他们谈话时，他们还在听他们的随身听所播放的节目。

no matter不管/不论(后可跟who， when， where， how 等疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句)

For example： No matter who you are， you should follow the guideline. 不管你是谁，你都应当遵守这个规则。

I am bound to work out the problem no matter how difficult it is. 不管这个问题有多难，我一定要把它解决掉。

Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them.

本句翻译：凡是那些不能用行为道德准则来约束自己的孩子，对孩子的品德漠不关心的父母，其实并不是在爱护孩子，对孩子的成长没好处。

discipline： punish 惩罚

Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.

本句翻译：凡是不懂礼貌为何物的孩子，是迟早要为此付出代价的。

kid 小孩子

have no idea： don't know 不知道

For example： He has no idea what his future will be. 他不知道自己的未来是个什么样子。

pay the price 付出代价

For example： You will pay the price for what you have done. 你要为你所做的事情付出代价。

sooner or later 迟早

For example： If you drive like that， you will have an accident sooner or later. 你如果那样开车，迟早会出事的。

When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.

本句翻译：在他们参加工作以后，他们的雇主和在工作中与之打交道的那些人都会一致意识到这些粗野的青年人的所作所为都和野兽的行为很接近，而不像规规矩矩的市民。

associate： colleague 同事

close (to) (adv.)接近于，靠近

When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full， or when they say “Bob” to someone who should be “Mr.Johnson，” these grown-up kids， because of their ignorance， will never understand why others are getting ahead and they are not.

本句翻译：当这些已经变成了成人的大小伙子，因为跟领导谈话时嘴里还嚼着食物，或者因为他们没大没小，把本应尊称为“约翰逊先生”的人，随便直呼其名为“鲍博”，这样几次被解除了合同之后，他们永远也不能理解为什么别人都跑到自己前头飞黄腾达，而自己却不能。

they talk with 该句型结构为：with +(n.)+(a.)构成的独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随。(名词后除可用形容词外，还可用分词<现在分词和过去分词>、介词短语和副词。)

For example： He likes sleeping with his eyes open. 他喜欢睁着眼睛睡觉。

I won't be able to study abroad with my mother’s being ill. 在我母亲生病的情况下我不能出国留学。

He worked with the radio opened all the afternoon. 他一下午都听着收音机工作。

He was looking on with his hands in his pockets. 他把手插在口袋里在一旁观看。即：袖手旁观。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿着所有的衣服躺在床上。即：和衣而卧。

because of (介词短语)= because (连词)

For example： The football match was cancelled because of rain. 由于下雨足球比赛被取消了。

→The football match was cancelled because it rained.

get ahead 有进展;有进步;取得成功

For example： I'm happy to hear that you are getting ahead with your new work. 听说你的新工作取得进展，我很高兴。

grown-up 长大了的孩子

Every little bit of kindness helps.

本句翻译：每当你表现出一点点和蔼可亲都会很有帮助。

little bit of 一点点

With manners， the best rule is the one that works.

本句翻译：至于说有礼貌，最好的一条原则就是能办成事，能起好作用。

work (v.)起作用，产生影响，行得通

For example： The medicine worked. 药物奏效了。

It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people.

本句翻译：当我们对待别人很友善，那么就比较容易地让人愿意接近你，愿意听你的话。

be nice to sb. ： be kind to sb.

Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.

本句翻译：待人彬彬有礼，事事尊敬别人就能使我们占优势。

give sb. an/the edge 比…略胜一筹，领先

For example： He has the edge on the other students because he studies harder. 他比别的学生强，因为他学习更努力。

Why do we need an edge? Success in life often starts with a job we like， and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression， it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.

本句翻译：我们要占优势干什么?一个人一生事业的成功经常是始于我们所喜欢的工作，而要得到自己所喜欢的工作，经常要靠给人留下良好的印象。待人和蔼可亲彬彬有礼总是上策。

edge： advantage 优势

start with： begin with 由…开始

since 由于…

be base of 以…为基础

make a impression 留下印象

makes the right impression (right 好的，正常的)

Vocabulary Exercises

Ⅰ。For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper form or the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.

1. honest (诚实的) honesty(诚实) honestly(诚实地)

a. (Honesty) is the best policy.

本句翻译：诚实是最重要的原则。

b. I didn't tell anyone， (honestly)， I didn’t.

本句翻译：我没有告诉任何人，坦白的说，我真的没有。

c. To be (honest) with you， he often speaks evil of you behind your back.

本句翻译：实话对你说，他经常在你的背后说你的坏话。

2. understand (理解，明白) misunderstand(误解) 　　misunderstanding(误解)

a. I cannot (understand) why he shows no respect for the rules the majority follows.

本句翻译：我不明白为什么他对于大多数人所遵守的那个规则从来都不尊重。

b. We should do everything possible to clear up the many (misunderstandings) between us.

本句翻译：我们应当尽一切可能来清除我们之间的误解。

c. He is not happy because his wife always (misunderstands) him.

本句翻译：他过的并不开心因为他的夫人经常会误解他。

3. accept(接受) acceptable(能接受的) unacceptable(不能接受的)

a. She received a gift from him， but she didn't (accept) it.

本句翻译：她收到男孩子给她的一份礼物，但是她没有接受这份礼物。

b. He is angry with her because her words are totally (unacceptable)。

本句翻译：男孩对于女孩非常愤怒，因为女孩所说的话令他完全不能接受。

c. If you think the plan is (acceptable)， you should do it according to the plan right now.

本句翻译：如果你认为这个计划是可行的，那么你就应当马上根据这个计划去实施。

right now 立刻，马上

4. different (不同的) difference(不同) indifferent(冷漠的，不关心的)

a. I'm (indifferent) to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you， I don’t care.

本句翻译：我对于你去还是留根本就不关心。老实对你说吧，我不在乎。

care 在意，在乎

b. There are big (differences) between the two languages.

本句翻译：在这两种语言之间有很大的区别。

c. She is wearing a (different) dress every time I see her.

本句翻译：每次我见到她，她都穿着不同的服装。

every time 每一次

5. employ (雇佣) employer(雇主) employment(职业，工作) employee(雇员)

a. The factory is going to (employ) 20 more workers.

本句翻译：这家工厂准备再雇用20名工人。

b. He left his hometown to look for (employment) in a big city.

本句翻译：他离开家乡到大城市去寻求工作。

c. She has been working for the same (employer) for 20 years.

本句翻译：她已经为这个雇主工作了20年。

d. The total number of office (employees) almost doubled.

本句翻译：这家公司总的员工的数目几乎已经翻一倍。

Ⅱ。 Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.

1. He told me he didn't like that (boring) job.

本句翻译：他告诉我说他不喜欢那份乏味的工作。

2. We'll need a few (guidelines) before we start this project.

本句翻译：在没开始这个项目之前我们需要有一些规则。

3. It is a great (kindness) for you to see me while I am sick.

本句翻译：我生病的时候你来看我，你真是太好了。

→ It is greatly kind of you to see me while I am sick.

for sb. to do 对于某人来说做某事

4. Don't (bother) you father， he is busy at working .

本句翻译：不要打扰你的父亲，他在忙于工作。

5. The old man told her how to get there although she wasn't very (polite) to him.

be polite to sb. 对某人彬彬有礼

本句翻译：虽然这个女孩对老人不是太有礼貌，但是老人仍然告诉她如何到达那里。

6. (Frankly) speaking， I don't think the plan will work.

本句翻译：坦率地说，我觉得那个计划行不通。

7. His speech left a deep (impression) on us.

Leave/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象

本句翻译：他的讲话给我们留下了很深的印象。

8. I (swear) that I will tell you everything some day.

本句翻译：我发誓有一天我会把一切事情都告诉你。

9. Everyone praises the children's good (behavior)。

本句翻译：每个人都表扬了孩子的良好行为。

10. It's (rude) to point at people when you are talking with them.

point at sb. 指着…

本句翻译：当你和其他人谈话的时候你去指着别人这是不礼貌的。

Text B　Why We Walk in Circles

in 以什么样的方式

“Pin the Tail on the Donkey” is always fun when you're watching rather than pinning.

本句翻译：观看别人做“去把尾巴给毛驴安上”的游戏，比自己亲自去做更逗人。

pin (v.)用图钉钉

rather than 而不是…

donkey 驴

as stubborn as donkey

It is somewhat surprising to see how the blindfolded performers act.

本句翻译：看到了被蒙住眼睛的参加游戏表演的人所走的路线着实有点儿让人吃惊。

somewhat 有一点儿

1. It is +(a.)+(for sb.)<有时可省略掉> to do

For example： It is difficult to have a good job if you don't study hard to create opportunities.如果你不努力学习创造机会的话，有一份好的工作是很难的。

Instead of going straight， they always wander off to one side or the other. The greater the distance to the donkey， the farther they go astray.

本句翻译：他们都不走直线，总是要由一边偏离到另一边。参加游戏比赛的人距离毛驴越远，他们偏离目标毛驴也越远。

2. instead of /instead

wander off 徘徊，游离

Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead?

本句翻译：你有没有想过为什么他们不能够径直向前行呢?

wonder 迷惑，疑惑

It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.

本句翻译：一个人若不用眼睛来掌握走路的方向，就会走成一个大圈。这一事实是众所周知的。

Dark nights， dense fogs， blinding snowstorms， thick forests - all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.

本句翻译：每遇到漆黑的夜晚，浓浓的大雾，伸手不见五指的暴风雪，浓密森林——这一切都会使路上的行人看不见是在往哪个方向走。

thick forests 茂密的森林

3. keep … from … 阻止，防止，阻碍

protect from

prevent from

其中的“from”多有“使…不能”的意思

(1)keep sb from sth/doing使某人不能做某事

(2)keep oneself from doing克制自己不要去做某事

For example： The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的钟声吵得我睡不着觉。

She could hardly keep (herself) from laughing. 她忍不住大笑起来。

Then he is unable to move in any fixed direction， but walks in circles.

本句翻译：这时他就不能按既定的目标前进，只能走成一个大圆圈。

4. in…direction 朝…方向

Animals act the same way.

本句翻译：动物也会这样。

fixed固定的，既定了的

You have probably heard the saying “running around like a chicken with its head cut off.”

本句翻译：你也许听过这样一句老话：“像砍掉脑袋的鸡一样转着圈跑。”

with +(n.)+V的过去分词构成的独立结构，在句中作状语。

Well， a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles. Blind birds fly in circles. And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.

本句翻译：是的，一只被砍掉了脑袋的鸡确实会转着圈跑的。瞎了眼睛的鸟也都是转着圈飞的。一双被蒙住了眼睛的狗也会转着大圈游泳。

A Norwegian biologist， F.O.Guldberg， decided that this problem of circular movement was worth investigating. He collected many true stories on the subject.

本句翻译：一位挪威的生物学家哥尔柏格认为绕圈运动的问题确实值得调查研究。关于这一课题他汇集了很多实际事例。

worth 值得

be worth doing 值得做某事

For example： The textbook is worth reading again and again. 课本值得一读再读。

On the subject ：on关于

5. be worth + v.ing

One of his stories is about people rowing on a lake during a fog on a dark night.

本句翻译：他汇集的实例之一就是在一个浓雾黑夜里，人们在湖面上划船。

during 在一段时间里

One group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.

本句翻译：在大雾的天气里，一帮想要横渡三英里的水面的划船手永远也不能成功地划到他们的目的地。

cross 横穿

6. succeed in 成功做了一件事情→(反义)fail to do

Without knowing it， they rowed in two large circles. When they finally got to the shore， they discovered that they were at the spot they had started from.

本句翻译：不知不觉地，他们都把船划行路线划成两个大圈。在他们上个岸后，才发现又划回到了他们原来出发的地点。

without knowing 不知不觉地

shore 河岸，海岸线

After studying many stories such as this， Professor Guldberg wrote an article in which he discussed “Circular Motion is the Basic Motion of Animals.”

本句翻译：在研究过很多诸如此类的实际经历之后，哥尔柏格教授写了一篇题为《动物的基本运动模式是圆周运动》的论文。

study 研究

A simple example will help you to understand his explanation of why we walk in circles.

本句翻译：一个很简单的例子，就可以帮助你弄明白他的论点：为什么我们会走成两个大圆圈。

Have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?

本句翻译：你有没有把一辆玩具汽车上好发条以后，把它放到地板上让它从头跑到那头的经历?

7. wind up给…上发条

Then you know that it will rarely travel in a straight path. It will travel， instead， in some kind of arc， or curve.

本句翻译：那么，你就会知道小汽车几乎很少顺着直线跑，而是以弧线或者曲线的方式前行。

If it is to travel in a straight line， the wheels on both sides have to be of exactly equal size.

本句翻译：如果你想要这辆小汽车以直线的方式前行的话，那么小汽车两侧的轮子就必须是同等大小。

equal 相等

If they are not， the little automobile turns toward the side with the smaller wheels.

本句翻译：车两侧的轮子，如果它们大小不是相等的话那么这个小汽车将会转向轮子更小的那一侧。

Circular movement in walking is caused in much the same way.

本句翻译：步行时绕大圆运动的规律在很大程度上是由同一原理引起的。

cause 导致

in … way 以什么样的方式

7. much the same 不完全相同，差不多一样，几乎一样

For example： He is living condition is much the same as that five years ago.他现在生活状况和五年前差不多没有什么变化。

Usually a man walking will “watch his step” and “look where he is going.”

本句翻译：通常一个人走路时会看着脚下所踩的步子，会看着所要去的方向。

watch his step (口语化的说法)注意脚下

look where he is going 看着前方

a man walking

(1)通常情况下，单个的分词作定语的在名词的前面;分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后。

For example： He often helps his working wife at home. 他在家中经常帮助他工作的妻子。

Who is the lady standing by the door? 站在门口的那位女士是谁?

(2)有时，单个的分词放在名词后作定语，具有较强的动词意义，其作用相当于一个从句。

For example： Atomic energy is the greatest source of energy existing. 原子能是现存的最大的能源。

They decided to change the material used. 他们决定改变所用的材料。

He needs his senses， especially his eyes， to get to the point he intends to reach.

本句翻译：一个人需要用他们的各种器官，特别是要用两只眼睛，才能走到他打算要去的地点。

8. intend to do 想要/打算/计划做某事

For example： What do you intend to do today? I intend to go out for a walk. 你打算今天做什么?我今天打算出去散步。

When he cannot use his eyes to guide his steps， he will walk straight only if he takes a step of the same length with each foot.

本句翻译：只有当一个人的两只脚所迈出的每一步的长短都完全相同时，这个人才可以不用眼睛来引导脚步而能够顺着一条直线往前走。

In most people， however， muscle development is not the same in both legs， so that it is probable that the steps will be uneven.

本句翻译：但是，在绝大多数人左右两腿肌肉的发育并不是一样的，结果很可能左右两脚所迈的步子长短是不一致的。

so that 因此…引导是结果状语从句

The difference may be so small that no one is aware of it. But small as it is， it can cause circular movement.

本句翻译：迈步子长短的差距是非常小的，以致于没有人会意识到这一微小的差距。尽管这个差距很小，但结果却导致了圆周运动。

9. as / as though

small as it is “是as/as though 引导的让步状语从句，此时从句应倒装(部分倒装)，其结构为”形容词/名词/动词)+as (though)+主+谓

(a.)(n.)(v.)+as/as though + s + v

For example： Pretty as she is， she is not clever.她虽然很漂亮但是不聪明。

Child as he is， he has to make a living.虽然他是一个孩子，但是他必须去谋生。

Try as he would， he might fail again.尽管还有可能再试着去做，但是他还是有可能失败。

注：若从句的表语是n.，其名词前不加任何冠词。

Let us suppose that a man's left foot takes a step 20 inches long and that his right foot takes a step 30 inches long.

本句翻译：我们假定某一人的左脚迈一步是20英寸长，右脚迈一步是30英寸长。

Now suppose he takes ten step - five with his left foot and five with his right.

本句翻译：现在假设这个人迈了十步——左脚迈五步，右脚也迈五步。

His left foot will travel 100 inches. His right foot will travel 150 inches.

本句翻译：他的左脚总共走了100英寸，他的右脚总共走了150英寸。

travel 运行，前行

This sounds impossible. One foot cannot remain 50 inches behind the other.

本句翻译：这听起来让人觉得不可能。因为一只脚不可能落后于另一只脚五十英寸。

What really happens?

本句翻译：到底是怎么回事呢?

At each step the man turns a little bit to the left.

本句翻译：每迈一步这个人就稍微向左转了一点点。

Sooner or later he makes a complete circle.

本句翻译：迟早，他会走成一个大圆圈。

The tracks of his feet， however， make two circles， one inside the other.

本句翻译：于是他的两只脚所走过轨迹就形成了两个圆圈，一个圆圈在另一的内部。

track 足迹，脚印

His left foot makes the smaller circle because it is taking larger steps.

本句翻译：他的左脚所走的圈比较小，因为右脚的每一步都大一点。

This is why a person may walk in an arc when he sets out in a straight line.

本句翻译：这就是一个人在出发时本来是想走的直线，结果却走成了一条弧线的原因。

The muscles of a man's arms are no more identical than the muscles of his legs.

本句翻译：一个人的两只胳膊肌肉的发育和他的两只腿的肌肉的发育也是不同的。